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This year鈥檚 all-white acting Oscar nominations have once more provoked an outcry over the lack of recognition given to people of color in Hollywood 鈥� a view that echoes controversy from the previous awards season. (See .)

In 2015, pundits set their sights on the Academy itself, a club 鈥渙lder and more dude-heavy than just about any place in America,鈥� .

But while the voting body of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences continues to draw criticism for its 鈥�,鈥� experts and advocates are now also underscoring a more fundamental lack of diversity in the structure of film and television 鈥� even as they acknowledge the headway the industry has made over the past decade.聽

鈥淯ndeniably, there has been progress,鈥� says Darnell Hunt, director of the Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies and a professor of sociology at the University of California in Los Angeles. 鈥淏ut [that] progress has not kept up with America. The gap between where we are as a society and the industry is increasing.

鈥淣irvana would be when the studios and executive suites themselves become diverse,鈥� he adds. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 when we鈥檒l say there鈥檚 success.鈥�

This year鈥檚 nominees, released Thursday, featured titles like 鈥淭he Revenant,鈥� 鈥淭he Martian,鈥� and 鈥淢ad Max: Fury Road,鈥� for the best picture category. Conspicuously missing, some say, were films like 鈥淪traight Outta Compton鈥� and 鈥淐reed,鈥� which 鈥� unlike the movies that did make the list 鈥� starred black lead actors.

The same pattern emerges among the nominees for Best Actor and Best Actress, as well as the Best Supporting categories: all the names belong to white actors, even as critics noted the absence of Idris Elba for his performance in the Netflix-produced 鈥淏easts of No Nation鈥� and Will Smith for 鈥淐oncussion.鈥�

And while Mexican filmmaker Alejandro I帽谩rritu, who helmed 鈥淭he Revenant,鈥� added diversity to the Best Director list, no women made the cut.

Academy president Cheryl Boone Isaacs diplomatically acknowledged the issue Thursday following the release of the nominations, , 鈥淥f course I am disappointed. But this is not to take away the greatness [of the films nominated]. This has been a great year in film.鈥�

'Entertainment that reflects our world'

Few deny the industry has taken steps toward improving diversity.

Before 2015, the last time the Oscars produced an all-white acting nominee list was 1997, . In 2002, Denzel Washington won best actor and Halle Berry made Oscar history, becoming the first woman to win best actress.

Black historical movies such as 鈥淭he Help,鈥� 鈥�12 Years A Slave,鈥� and 鈥淭he Butler鈥� have, in the past few years, earned both critical acclaim and box office success 鈥� with "12 Years a Slave" taking home the best picture award in 2014. Lupita Nyong'o also won best supporting actress for her role in that film. Both 鈥淐reed鈥� and 鈥淪traight Outta Compton,鈥� too, topped the charts in ticket sales worldwide, raking in and apiece.

Nor is it all just prestige dramas and biopics: The 鈥淔ast and Furious鈥� franchise, which has grossed since the first film鈥檚 release in 2001, stars actors of white, Hispanic, black, and Asian descent. And in casting Daisy Ridley and John Boyega, the record-smashing 鈥淪tar Wars: The Force Awakens鈥� takes up the trend of reimagining women and minorities in traditionally white, male roles 鈥� something movies such as 鈥淭he Hunger Games鈥� series and 鈥淚 Am Legend鈥� have done, as well.

鈥淭he old conventional wisdom that to make a successful film, you can鈥檛 have leads of color or it鈥檚 rare to put a woman in the lead? That whole idea鈥檚 been smashed,鈥� says UCLA鈥檚 Professor Hunt.

Television has made even greater strides. Gone are the days of 鈥淔ull House鈥� and 鈥淔riends,鈥� when white actors dominated the screen. From 鈥淪candal鈥� to "blackish," and 鈥淛ane the Virgin鈥�; from 鈥淓mpire鈥� to 鈥淭he Mindy Project鈥� to the hacker series 鈥淢r. Robot,鈥� networks and streaming services alike have begun to embrace the value of diversity 鈥� at least in terms of attracting audiences that boost ratings.

鈥淚t鈥檚 like suddenly the networks got the memo: 鈥楪uess what, diversity sells,鈥� 鈥� Hunt says. Citing last year鈥檚 , to which he contributed, Hunt says that in 2014, ratings peaked for shows with casts that were 30 to 40 percent minority. 鈥淧eople don鈥檛 only watch people like themselves,鈥� he notes, 鈥渂ut they do like seeing their stories.鈥�

鈥淚t鈥檚 about creating entertainment about our world that reflects our world,鈥� adds Melissa Silverstein, writer and founder of Women and Hollywood, a site dedicated to women, film, and pop culture. 鈥淵ou look at a cast of an ensemble TV show, they just can鈥檛 get away with white, white, white [anymore]. I think what television really understands is that diversity is vitally important.鈥�

Under the leadership of Ms. Boone Isaacs, who became president in 2014, the Academy also has pushed forward with diversity initiatives 鈥� albeit slowly.聽

At the 2015 Governors Awards, the Academy鈥檚 guests of honor were women and a black man: actresses Gena Rowlands and Debbie Reynolds, and director Spike Lee, who was awarded an honorary Oscar. That same night, the Academy launched A2020, a five-year plan to improve the diversity of the Academy by reevaluating its practices and pushing to bring new voices into the organization, .

Those steps, Hunt says, are critical.

鈥淭he Academy sets the standards for what constitutes quality and artistic merit. Those types of projects naturally appeal to studios,鈥� he says. 鈥淚f Academy Award winners year in and year out represent the same kind of film projects, studios are going to make those types of projects, and audiences are going to be denied the stories that would resonate more with America.鈥�

The 'new frontier' in diversity

Amid the highlights, however, looms a larger challenge 鈥� one that centers on opportunity.

鈥淚n a truly egalitarian society, everyone should be chosen to act based on how talented they are and what the role calls for,鈥� says author Paul Levinson, a professor of communications and media studies at Fordham University in New York. 鈥淚n an ideal world, people could make movies about whatever they thought was important, and they could get the best possible people for it,鈥� regardless of color or gender.

But for such a world to even begin to exist, change needs to come from within the industry 鈥� especially at the top, where the decisions are made about which films to make, and who will direct, write, and star in them, Hunt says. As of 2014, 94 percent of film studio heads were white and all of them were male, the Hollywood Diversity report found. Television is little better, with 96 percent of network and studio executives white and 71 percent male.

On Friday, Fox announced it was seeking an African-American actor for a reboot of "24," to take over for longtime star Kiefer Sutherland. But critics say change in front of the camera doesn't go far enough.

Sure, 鈥淭hey鈥檒l take a Nancy Drew story and cast it in unconventional ways,鈥� Hunt says, referring to of the classic detective novels that will feature a non-white lead. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 great, but not enough. Casting is not the end goal.

鈥淚t鈥檚 same people making those decisions,鈥� he continues. 鈥淚magine what could come out of the industry if the executive suite itself is more diverse. That鈥檚 the new frontier.鈥�

However, experts say TV is at least a step ahead, with prominent show-runners such as Shonda Rhimes, Kenya Barris, and Lee Daniels, who also directed "The Butler."

And people in the industry are recognizing the problem and giving it voice.

鈥淭he only thing that separates women of color from anyone else is opportunity,鈥� noted Viola Davis, as the first actress of color to win an Emmy for best actress in a drama for her role in Ms. Rhimes's 鈥淗ow to Get Away with Murder.鈥� 鈥淵ou cannot win an Emmy for roles that are simply not there.鈥�

Upon receiving his honorary Oscar from the Academy in November, Spike Lee, never one to mince words, also drew attention to the challenges facing black professionals in the industry, , 鈥淚t's easier to be the president of the United States as a black person than to be the head of a studio.鈥�

Shaking up the status quo will require more than a little effort. Still, some say that starting from the bottom 鈥� giving female directors and filmmakers of color more paths to film festivals and other areas to showcase their work, urging young people to attend film school 鈥� is key.

鈥淭hey need opportunity, they need nurturing, they need mentoring,鈥� says Stephane Dunn, an associate professor and director of the Cinema, Television, and Emerging Media Studies program at聽Morehouse College聽in Atlanta, Ga. 鈥淲e need way more extensive programming that invites more directors of color, and more women in the room.鈥�

And maybe someday, she says, we won鈥檛 have to count the number of minorities on our screens.

鈥淲hat you want is a fundamental change in the minds of people who cast films, who make films,鈥� Professor Dunn says. 鈥淲e want to see that the fabric has changed, where we don鈥檛 have to talk about how there鈥檚 a white-out in Hollywood.鈥�