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As a first-generation college student in Texas, George Bolton was hooked on an Army career through the stories of the Buffalo soldiers, the听black听cavalry units formed in 1866 to serve on the western frontier, becoming icons of African American military service.听听

Today, Lieutenant Colonel Bolton runs the Reserve Officers鈥� Training Corps (ROTC) program at the historically black Alabama A&M University outside Huntsville. He often invokes these stories to inspire his students to take on the combat jobs that can in future vault them to the highest echelons of military leadership.听

The more leaders of color willing to serve, he says, the better the military becomes. 鈥淲hen you have people that can bring diversity to the policymakers, then you have a better product for the nation. And that鈥檚 how you become part of the solution,鈥� he says.听

Judging by the current makeup of the United States military, that solution is still lacking. While African Americans make up nearly 1 in 5 of the enlisted ranks, they comprise only 9% of officers. Across all minorities, the distribution is similarly lopsided: , and 43% of enlisted men, are Hispanic or a racial minority. Yet virtually all U.S. combat brigade commanders 鈥撎齛 stepping stone to becoming a general 鈥� are white.听

The Pentagon is working to change this by using social media campaigns and recruiting potential officers听in cities with large minority populations. In January, President Donald Trump announced an initiative to expand ROTC programs on the nation鈥檚 102 historically black colleges and universities (HBCU) campuses, roughly one quarter of which have them. Among all colleges and universities, more than 1,700 . The White House has not yet provided details of how it will expand onto the campuses.听听

Minority soldiers should be able to 鈥渓ook upward and see themselves,鈥� retired Gen. Carter Ham, president of the Association of the United States Army, told a Heritage Foundation panel held in January on the ties between the military and HBCUs. Right now, he said, the officer corps 鈥渄oes not look like America.鈥�

A strong U.S. labor market 鈥� at least until听the coronavirus-induced economic shock 鈥撎齢as made it harder for the U.S. military to replenish all ranks听including minority officers. The Army, which is the largest military branch, missed its recruiting target in 2018听for the first time in more than a decade. 鈥淚 find that competing with a highly functioning economy forces the military to take a broader look at the populations they鈥檙e trying to recruit,鈥� says Nathalie Grogan, an analyst at the Center for a New American Security.听

Urban strategy

While the South has long supplied a disproportionate number of troops, military services are now focusing on urban areas like Chicago and Detroit. The Pentagon is also trying new recruiting strategies: The Navy targets roughly 20% of its ads toward 鈥渕ulticultural and female prospects.鈥澨�

For their part, Army leaders have reached out to the 55-strong Congressional Black Caucus, asking lawmakers to beat the drum and sharing data on how few African American military recruits from their districts are on leadership tracks. 鈥淭he message is, 鈥業f you鈥檙e serious about advancing the opportunities of your constituents, here鈥檚 an avenue you鈥檙e not taking advantage of,鈥欌�� says General Ham.

Yet once recruiters bring service members of color in, it needs to do a better job keeping them, says Ms. Grogan, noting that midcareer black officers are more likely to leave than their white colleagues. Between the promotion from lieutenant colonel to colonel 鈥� a key career marker in the Army 鈥� 64% of black officers chose to leave, compared to 51% of white officers.

To retain black officers, Pentagon leaders need to be attuned to the ways they are unintentionally sidelined, says retired Gen. Larry Spencer, former Air Force vice chief of staff. 鈥淚t doesn鈥檛 mean that folks at the top are against or have any issues with diversity, but left alone to work itself out, it鈥檚 complicated,鈥� he says.听听

Years ago, for example, General Spencer expressed interest in being the military assistant to the next secretary of the Air Force 鈥� a plum assignment. The problem, he was told, was that the leading candidate was African American, and it would look like favoritism for him to choose a black aide. 鈥淲hite males hire white males all the time. That鈥檚 still the case.鈥�

Most students who receive a full scholarship on an ROTC program are obliged to serve for four years after graduation, providing a pipeline for future top leadership.听

At HBCUs, ROTC students say they receive the sort of leadership coaching that pushes them to tackle everything from the tyranny of low expectations to the pressure they put on themselves when they鈥檙e the only nonwhite people in the room. 鈥淚 see what works and what doesn鈥檛,鈥� says Mia Robinson, a senior at Howard听University who plans to become a military intelligence officer. 鈥淭hose people with leadership qualities that work, they go far. I also want to be a good leader for my peers.鈥�听

Among her own mentees, this is vital, she adds. 鈥淚 notice that in the event they don鈥檛 have someone who looks like them, they鈥檙e not going to feel as comfortable.鈥�

Barriers to diversity

Yet White House efforts to reach out to potential black recruits come at a time when many African Americans are wary of President Trump, says Katherine Washington-Williams, northeast regional head of the National Association for Black Veterans. 鈥淚 used to tell young people, 鈥楯oin the military,鈥� because it鈥檚 one of the best things I鈥檝e ever done. But now I look at our commander in chief, and I鈥檓 not seeing anything positive. I鈥檓 a proud American, but where鈥檚 the love?鈥澨�

Maj. Gen. John Evans, head of U.S. Army Cadet Command, says he鈥檚 promoted women and officers of color onto his staff and that it鈥檚 made him a better leader. Their varied experience and backgrounds are particularly important, he says, because he came up in the notoriously white special operations world where, 鈥渢hrough our own fault or not, it was hard to get diversity into the conversation, because there weren鈥檛 other [non-white] officers you could bring in.鈥澨�

Military officials say that they are increasingly pushing young officers of color into jobs that aren鈥檛 their first choice to give them a better shot at career advancement.听

In the Army for example, the top generals overwhelmingly come from the fighting fields 鈥� infantry, armor, field artillery 鈥� known collectively as the 鈥渃ombat arms.鈥� Yet less than 10% of young black officers chose these fields, versus some 25% of white officers, according to the Military Leadership Diversity Commission. 鈥淭his means that women and minorities have fewer opportunities for advancement and will, therefore, be underrepresented among leadership,鈥� it concluded in a 2011 study.

It鈥檚 a good illustration of why mentors must be 鈥渋nsistent鈥� about pushing young minority officers into combat specialties, says Major General Evans. One drawback is that combat jobs don鈥檛 easily transfer into civilian jobs compared to logistics and other fields. 鈥淵ou don鈥檛 get paid a lot of money on the outside to go and kill someone with precision,鈥� he says.听

For his part, Lieutenant Colonel Bolton says he鈥檚 鈥渢ripled鈥� interest in infantry and armor careers among his students at Alabama A&M, particularly among female cadets, who could not until recently pursue these jobs because women were banned from combat arms. Those who had marked it 5th or 6th on their list of top career fields 鈥渢urned it into a 1 or a 2.鈥澨�

He takes up a new job next month as a battalion commander in an Armor division, one of the Army fields most likely to produce four-star generals. He wants to work his way up and into one of the rare military positions where he can create policy 鈥� and be a role model. 鈥淲hen we see success at a high level,鈥� he tells his students, 鈥淲e say, 鈥榊es, this is possible. For everyone.鈥欌��