海角大神

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Over the last two weekends, tens of thousands of Russians protested in Moscow after opposition politicians were barred from running in a city council election this September. The size of the protests was relatively small. And the election itself is for a body with little power. Yet observers note a stark shift from previous protests in 2011-12. Middle-class Russians seem less fearful of the Kremlin as they have intensified their moral demands more than their material interests.

In the protests on July 27, the number of people taken into custody 鈥� nearly 1,400 鈥� set a record for post-Soviet protests. In addition, the riot police and National Guard were particularly brutal in their crackdown. With rising uncertainty over how long President Vladimir Putin can stay in power, the Kremlin fears any protest might spark a wider revolt. As poverty rises and personal incomes shrink, Mr. Putin may feel he must be more heavy-handed in controlling Russia鈥檚 limited democracy.

During the protests, those fears were matched by the demonstrators鈥� determination for fair democracy. 鈥淭hose young people who came out on the street were absolutely fearless,鈥� said Konstantin Remchukov, owner and editor of Nezavisimaya Gazeta, an influential daily newspaper, in an interview with The National Interest magazine. 鈥淚t was the first time that I saw people who did not care about whether or not they would be taken into custody or arrested by the police.鈥�

Russia鈥檚 rulers have long boosted their legitimacy by two primary means: providing material benefits, such as bread, or arranging nationalist glory, such as hosting the Olympics or invading nearby nations. Yet, says Mr. Remchukov, recent polls show the public鈥檚 greater demand for 鈥渘o limitations on personal freedom鈥� than for an improved economy. And nationalist memories are fading after Mr. Putin鈥檚 taking of Crimea in 2014.

In addition, 84% of Russians say they want to contribute to the improvement of the country. 鈥淲e鈥檝e never had such a mood,鈥� said Mr. Remchukov, who attributes much of the change to the use of social media. Another poll in July showed almost 2 out of 5 Russians would not like to see Mr. Putin stay in office after his current term ends in 2024.

The next protest is planned for Aug. 3. As during the last two, the moral force of Russians seeking equal rights and fair elections will be up against the raw force of a regime losing popularity. The numbers remain small. Yet the stakes are huge for the world鈥檚 largest country by size.