US-Iran escalation: It鈥檚 message-sending, but the risks are high
| London
Another day, another step in the apparently inexorable escalation of U.S.-Iran tensions that has brought the arch-adversaries to the brink of war since President Donald Trump last year withdrew from the nuclear deal.
The escalation has included a U.S. 鈥渕aximum pressure鈥� sanctions campaign that has crippled Iran鈥檚 economy and targeted its supreme leader and elite Revolutionary Guard; incremental Iranian violations of the landmark 2015 deal; Iran shooting down a $130 million U.S. intelligence drone; and Mr. Trump at the last minute calling off a retaliatory surgical strike 鈥撀爓hile planes were reportedly mid-route.
The result: the U.S. and Iran have not been this close to open conflict since the 1980s.
Why We Wrote This
The U.S. and Iran each want something. But they are expressing that through sanctions and military provocations. How high can they escalate tensions before it slips out of their control?
Which raises two very pressing questions: What is the psychology of escalation at play? And how far can this tit-for-tat trajectory go without stumbling into a war that leaders on both sides say they don鈥檛 want?
Mr. Trump states that his aim is to pressure the Islamic Republic to negotiate a new deal that includes limiting Iran鈥檚 missile forces and curtailing regional proxies. But hawkish aides like his national security adviser, John Bolton, have argued for years for military strikes on Iran and regime change.
For their part, Iranian officials vow that they will not negotiate under pressure, state that America can鈥檛 be trusted, and declare 鈥� as Iran鈥檚 supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei recently did 鈥� that talking to the Trump administration would be poison 鈥渢wice as deadly.鈥�
And while Iran stuck to the nuclear deal for a year after the U.S. withdrawal 鈥撀爄mploring the European Union, Russia, and China to uphold their side of the bargain, even if the U.S. did not, by providing Iran with economic benefits in exchange for Iran curtailing its nuclear program 鈥� analysts say the consensus has grown in Iran to take action.
鈥淩ealization of danger鈥�
鈥淚ran鈥檚 strategy has shifted from strategic patience to escalation-for-escalation,鈥� says Hassan Ahmadian, a political scientist at Tehran University and research fellow at Harvard Kennedy School鈥檚 Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 because Iran cannot afford, I think, to live in a situation of strategic stalemate, so it has to change the situation, it has to create a way out of a stalemate that the Trump administration is trying to box Iran in,鈥� says Mr. Ahmadian.
The Iranian aim, he says, is to impress a 鈥渞ealization of danger鈥� upon the White House in a way that leads to 鈥渄e-escalation at the end of the day.鈥�
Iran 鈥渉as no choice but to either accept U.S. diktats, so to speak, or do something to make the U.S. understand that [Iran] is not only sabre rattling, it can really turn ugly, and that Iran 鈥撀爐hough its power is not comparable with the United States, of course 鈥� can hurt the U.S. and its interests,鈥� says Mr. Ahmadian. 鈥淚t has decided to make that clear and very obvious for the United States. ... But we are on an escalatory road.鈥�
And that road brings the risk of聽misreading signals and frequent miscalculation, of the kind that have plagued mutual U.S.-Iran hostility since the 1979 Islamic Revolution overthrew the pro-West Shah of Iran.
Yet rarely has the flow of vituperative rhetoric from both sides聽鈥� a constant for more than four decades聽鈥� been so closely connected to the risk of kinetic conflict.
In the past 12 days alone, Iran took its first steps to violate the nuclear deal, by increasing its stockpile of low-enriched uranium beyond agreed limits on July 1, and then on July 7 edging up its enrichment level from 3.67% purity to almost 5%.
Those steps barely bring Iran closer to the capacity to make a nuclear weapon, analysts say. But they mark a crucial step away from the deal and come with a 60-day deadline from Iran that it will take more dramatic steps unless pressure eases.
鈥淩eversible steps鈥�
鈥淚ran is, I think, operating in a very careful way, both taking reversible steps, as well as doing this in a step-by-step process to put pressure on Europe, in particular, and Russia and China to break with the United States,鈥� said Wendy Sherman, the chief U.S. negotiator of the 2015 nuclear deal, in a call with journalists organized by the International Crisis Group.
鈥淭his could spiral out of control quite quickly,鈥� said Ms. Sherman. 鈥淲ithout a doubt, both John Bolton and Secretary [of State Mike] Pompeo believe it is important to use every piece of pressure they can on Iran. If that leads to military conflict, so be it.鈥�
Military action, she said, 鈥渨ould be not only dangerous, but disastrous.鈥�
On Wednesday, Mr. Trump claimed in a tweet that Iran had been 鈥渟ecretly鈥� enriching uranium 鈥撀燾ontrary to multiple reports by United Nations nuclear inspectors 鈥� and vowed that sanctions 鈥渨ill soon be increased, substantially!鈥�
Also Wednesday, three Iranian boats 鈥渁ttempted to impede鈥� a British oil tanker in the Persian Gulf, the United Kingdom said in a statement. Iran denied any role, yet earlier in the day, President Hassan Rouhani warned the U.K. of 鈥渃onsequences,鈥� after British Marines seized a Syria-bound supertanker loaded with Iranian crude oil last week off the coast of Gibraltar.
Those events come as the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Joseph Dunford, said the U.S. was in discussions with other countries to create a naval task force to 鈥渆nsure freedom of navigation鈥� in waters close to Iran and Yemen.
Half a dozen tankers were struck with explosions in the Persian Gulf in May and June, causing modest damage. The U.S. blamed Iran, which denied involvement.
One possible overture from Iran may have been the June release of Nizar Zakka, a Lebanese businessman with U.S. residency, after four years in prison. Reuters quoted Western sources suggesting it was meant to communicate Iran鈥檚 desire to ease tensions, though Washington did not pursue it.
Rouhani under fire
Iran鈥檚 decision to breach the nuclear accord is, for the time being, 鈥渕ore political signaling than proliferation [risk],鈥� said Rob Malley, a former Obama administration official who is now president of the International Crisis Group, on the organization鈥檚 call.
Iran鈥檚 message is that 鈥渢hings will continue to get worse, that Iran will continue along this escalatory ladder of moving away from the [nuclear deal] if things don鈥檛 change,鈥� said Mr. Malley, who recently met with Iranian officials in Europe.
鈥淚n other words, telling the United States that, if it is engaged in brinkmanship by violating the [deal], then two can play this game,鈥� he said.
Yet in Iran, Mr. Rouhani has been targeted for not acting forcefully enough, amid calls by hardliners to immediately boost uranium enrichment to 20% or higher, to completely reject the nuclear deal, and, in the Persian Gulf, to seize a British oil tanker in a reciprocal measure.
The hard-line Kayhan newspaper said new talks under current circumstances would be a 鈥渟ignal of weakness and playing in the U.S. game.鈥�
And the Mizan news agency said that Iranian 鈥渇irmness鈥� would 鈥渄raw more concessions鈥� from world powers. It said there was a 鈥渢ime when our enemy did not tolerate even a single centrifuge to spin鈥� in Iran, in the early 2000s, and noted that years later, when Iran had amassed thousands of centrifuges, 鈥渢hey had no choice but to give in and accept it.鈥�
鈥淭hat was not kindness from the Americans toward us, it was an achievement that we gained thanks to our own power,鈥� wrote Mizan.
鈥淭he U.S. and its allies are wise to think twice before escalating,鈥� says Mr. Ahmadian, from Tehran University. 鈥淏ecause Iranians really got into a situation where they cannot not answer, leave the escalation unanswered, because it will harm them internally, will harm their legitimacy, will harm the unity this policy has brought up.鈥�
