Amid US talks with Taliban, Afghan women remain vigilant
| KABUL, AFGHANISTAN
The Taliban imposed strict rules when they controlled Afghanistan in the late 1990s: Attending Friday prayers in the mosque was mandatory, for example, enforced with beatings at the end of a whip.
And music and images of people were forbidden, so Taliban checkpoints were marked by shimmering clouds of magnetic tape, which was pulled from music and videocassettes confiscated from passing motorists.
But it was the severe restrictions inflicted upon women two decades ago that are most widely remembered: The Taliban forced women to be chaperoned and wear the all-enveloping听burqa听in public, and听barred听them from working or getting听an education.
Why We Wrote This
As the US negotiates an Afghanistan withdrawal, many women are, unsurprisingly, worried that their hard-won gains are at risk. But our correspondent found a spirit of determined optimism too.
Those memories are creating widespread concern among many Afghan women, especially, as US-orchestrated peace talks with the Taliban advance. Zalmay Khalilzad, the US special representative for Afghanistan reconciliation, resumed meetings today with the highest Taliban delegation yet, led by Taliban co-founder Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar.
US negotiators are seeking an end to America's longest war, and the Islamist Taliban a return to government. American officials say any peace deal must include protecting gains for women and civil society.
The fear of a Taliban return to power in some form, and the risk of renewed harsh social restrictions on women, is encapsulated by a leaflet seen in Kabul.
It shows a Taliban man in the street beating women wearing blue听burqas听years ago, and reads: 鈥淎fghanistan will not go back!鈥�
But even as some fear a return to medieval Taliban attitudes toward women,听other听Afghans say that such a retreat is听unlikely: Afghanistan has moved on from late 2001, when the US military engineered the toppling of the Taliban, and women have since enhanced their role.
鈥淐an the Taliban take us back? No, it鈥檚 almost impossible,鈥� says Farkhunda Ehssan, who works at Zan TV, which aims to empower Afghan women with a constant diet of shows highlighting women鈥檚 issues and progress.
鈥淲omen鈥檚 TV鈥� is one front line against a retrenchment of Taliban ideas, with its female directors and journalists, and mostly women staff, who are tangible proof of forward movement.
鈥淭he Taliban will face a completely different Afghanistan.... They will face women with much more power in the economy, in society, and in media especially,鈥� says Ms. Ehssan.听鈥淣ow is not the time they should impose something on us.鈥�
Promises, with caveats
Taliban leaders 鈥� negotiating sporadically with US diplomats in Doha, Qatar, and Afghan opposition figures in Moscow 鈥� suggest that some gains for women will be preserved. But they also say that 鈥渞ights鈥� granted to women are subject to opaque standards of 鈥淚slamic rule鈥� and 鈥淎fghan culture.鈥�
鈥淵es, I鈥檓 telling you that [women] can go to school. They can go to universities. They can work,鈥� Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanikzai, the Taliban political chief, told the BBC earlier this month in Moscow.
The sincerity of that apparent change of heart is a key topic of debate among Afghan women, who make up half of the 65 percent of the population too young to directly remember Taliban rule.
鈥淭here are lots of changes in the last 17 or 18 years in our country. People have changed, minds changed. So these changes also had a positive affect on [changing] Taliban minds,鈥� says Freshta Farhang, 21, a reporter with the Kabul online newspaper .
鈥淭here is a lot of difference between the old Taliban and the new Taliban,鈥� says Ms. Farhang, who was born in Ghazni Province, southwest of Kabul. A key moment came last June, during a three-day cease-fire when Taliban militants and Afghan security forces alike put down their weapons and many people crossed the front lines.
鈥淎fter the cease-fire, the Taliban comprehended that women have active participation everywhere, in education, in the economy,鈥� says Farhang. Now people on both sides 鈥渁re ready 鈥� they鈥檝e seen each other, that they are all Afghans, that they are all humans, all Muslims.鈥�
Many Afghan women 鈥渨ill never accept the Taliban again. But what we should focus on is peace,鈥� says Farhang. 鈥淚t鈥檚 the violent conflict that has a negative听effect听on education and every kind of development.鈥�
Violence toward civilians and women
Not all Afghans are convinced of Taliban 2.0鈥檚 credibility. But it鈥檚 also not just in the 12 percent of Afghan territory the Taliban control, and the 34 percent they contest 鈥� according to US military figures published Jan. 31 鈥� where issues of misogyny, child brides, and honor killings persist.
The United Nations released a report Sunday that tabulates a record number of civilian casualties in 2018, underscoring the need for peace, even as all sides ramped up offensive operations last year to gain leverage in the talks. The UN reported 3,804 civilian deaths last year, an 11 percent rise over 2017.听Of those,听US forces killed 674 Afghan civilians, the UN noted, nearly all in the Pentagon's ramped-up air campaign.
The UN noted that Taliban attacks on civilians nearly doubled in 2018 compared with 2017.听The result is that 鈥� during a Taliban insurgency over the years against forces of the US, NATO, and the Western-backed government 鈥� the toll by militants has also included thousands of civilian lives.
For women, the poisoning of food and wells at schools for girls,听to dissuade them from going to school,听has been听one听sign of unchanged听attitudes. Still, the Taliban have sometimes tailored their rules according to local concerns 鈥� allowing schooling for girls to continue in places that have come under their control.
鈥淭he fear is widespread, among the Afghan young generation particularly,鈥� says Orzala Nemat, director of the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, a think tank in Kabul. They 鈥渉ave no direct memory of how the Taliban rule, but remember very well how the Taliban treated them as students at school, and their fathers, uncles, and brothers in the [Afghan] National Army.鈥�
She recalls working clandestinely during Taliban rule in the late 1990s, running secret home-based literacy classes for women and girls. It was risky but possible, whereas the experience of Afghan youth is of a Taliban 鈥渨ho have used terrorism as a weapon to terrify the people, who have bombed schools, mosques, public spaces, and killed civilians,鈥� says Ms. Nemat.
鈥榃e don鈥檛 want to go back to 2001鈥�
One step听to ease women鈥檚 concerns听is being taken by President Ashraf Ghani, even though his government is not yet part of the US-led peace talks. The Taliban refuse to meet with what they call a Western puppet regime.
Mr. Ghani听recently听convened a daylong meeting to discuss key elements of a sustainable peace with women and other Afghan stakeholders.
鈥淥ne thing common among the women was they said, 鈥榃e don鈥檛 want to go back to 2001, under any circumstances. We don鈥檛 want to sacrifice our rights to have peace,鈥欌�� says Razia Arefi, the country manager for the Belgian nongovernmental organization Mothers for Peace, who attended the meeting.
鈥淧eace is not only to stop the firing and shooting and all these wars; peace is that we have the rights to education, to vote and to have our equality, which is mentioned in the Constitution,鈥� says Ms. Arefi. She says if the Taliban 鈥渞eally believe in women鈥檚 rights鈥� they should include a woman on their negotiating team.
That is unlikely, and the initial peace 鈥渇ramework鈥� agreed with the Taliban makes no mention of civil society issues, but only a US military withdrawal in exchange for the Taliban preventing transnational terrorist attacks from Afghan soil.
The 50 percent of Afghan society who are women 鈥渕ust be heard and included鈥� in peace talks, the US Ambassador to Afghanistan John Bass tweeted last week. 鈥淎fghanistan has made substantial progress on rights of women to live fully, participate in public life, and achieve their full potential.鈥�
The urban/rural gap
What will happen in practice is far from clear, if peace with the Taliban is reached.
鈥淭here might be, even in provincial capitals, a temporary slump in women鈥檚 rights, media rights, and everything else. But in very rural Afghanistan right now, these are the conditions that are prevailing anyway,鈥� says a Western official in Kabul who asked not to be named.
鈥淚n urban areas, of course, it will be a shock to the system. You can鈥檛 just make peace for people just in urban, progressive areas,鈥� says the official. 鈥淚f you are a woman in urban Mazar-e Sharif, you have different aspirations, ideas, and values than a woman in rural Helmand province. They might both be happy where they are, as long as they have been left alone.鈥�
But leaving women alone is not what the Taliban are known for.
鈥淣ow the nation is against Taliban views,鈥� says Shogofa Sediqi, the chief director for Zan TV, who told the Monitor last year that the channel鈥檚 purpose was to 鈥渨ork on people鈥檚 minds鈥� to show 鈥渨hat women can do.鈥澨�
Call-in programs register the same concerns, she says, about fewer chances for women if there is peace with the Taliban. 鈥淲hen I hear the views of women in rural areas, they are not happy with those conditions and they want changes,鈥� says Ms. Sediqi.
听
And there is distrust in Kabul of a Taliban presence, says Najwa Alimi, a Zan TV correspondent from the remote northeastern Badakhshan province, who reports in Kabul on suicide attacks and military forces.
鈥淚 lost a relative in a suicide attack, and personally I will never forgive the Taliban.鈥� I will never be at peace with them,鈥� says Ms. Alimi, 24, who wears a headscarf with a peacock feather design, in camouflage colors.
She will be 鈥渢he first person to take up weapons鈥� against the Taliban, she says, if the government proves weak, is 鈥渦nable to protect us,鈥� or caves in to Taliban demands that don鈥檛 respect the rights of women and others.
鈥淭his is not only my voice,鈥� says Alimi. 鈥淭here is a huge group of the younger generation that have the same views.鈥�
