海角大神

Every election day for two decades, Naima Gharbi voted in school near her home to keep President Zine Ben Ali in power for one simple reason: fear. But yesterday was different, as she joined hundreds of thousands of Tunisians in voting for their first ever democratically-elected head of state.

As Mrs. Gharbi put it, 鈥淚鈥檓 claiming my freedom.鈥�

Sunday鈥檚聽vote represented a break from decades of rigged elections, autocratic leaders, and voters bullied by authorities into showing support. The election is also a major step in Tunisia鈥檚 transition to democracy聽following revolution in 2011.

Unofficial exit polls suggest a runoff vote next month between the incumbent, interim President Moncef Marzouki, and veteran politician B茅ji Caid Essebsi. The results, expected in about a month, could influence the makeup of the cabinet.

The secularist Nidaa Tounes party won parliamentary elections last month and is expected to form a coalition government. The strength of the party's bargaining position will depend partly on whether the party鈥檚 leader, Mr. Essebsi, wins the presidency. Nidaa Tounes may seek to govern with its main rival, the moderate Islamist party Ennahda, which came second in last month鈥檚 vote, or could try to form a coalition with smaller secularist parties instead.

Whoever ends up in charge must work to create jobs and revamp an economy that has tended to benefit a privileged few, according to a聽recent World Bank report. The country also needs to abolish repressive laws from Mr. Ben Ali鈥檚 era, reform institutions, and hold accountable those responsible for the abuses of past regimes.聽

Presidential runoff

The rivalry between Nidaa Tounes and Ennahda looks set to color the expected potential presidential run-off. Ennahda has neither fielded nor formally endorsed a presidential candidate, but supporters say they back President Marzouki, a secularist whose party formed a coalition transitional government with Ennahda after elections in 2011.

One Marzouki supporter is a middle-aged honey merchant named Abdessatar, who voted at a school in the rundown Tunis suburb of Sidi Hassine. He wears a long beard and calf-length trousers favored by deeply conservative Muslims. He says he disagrees with Ennahda鈥檚 embrace of democracy, but voted for the party last month and Marzouki yesterday as the best options currently available.

鈥淢arzouki鈥檚 not a man of religion, but he hasn鈥檛 tried to stifle religion, either,鈥� says Abdassatar, who did not want to give his last name.

Meanwhile in downtown Tunis, Mrs. Gharbi鈥檚 son, Mohamed Gharbi, a medical laboratory worker who supports Marzouki鈥檚 Congress for the Republic party, is among Tunisians who are worried by the fact that Essebsi and some other Nidaa Tounes members formerly served past regimes.

鈥淚n my opinion, B茅ji Caid Essebsi represents the RCD,鈥� Mr. Gharbi says, referring to former president Ben Ali鈥檚 now-dissolved party, the Constitutional Democratic Rally. 鈥淚f we elect Essebsi, the RCD will return.鈥�

Nidaa Tounes says it is committed to democracy, and supporters say Essebsi has valuable leadership experience. He held ministerial and administrative roles under Tunisia鈥檚 first president, Habib Bourguiba, and led a transitional government in 2011.

鈥淓nnahda ran the country and accomplished nothing, but B茅ji is up to the task,鈥� says Sawsen Matelli, a telecoms and marketing student who attended a packed Nov. 15 rally for Essebsi at a Tunis stadium. She adds that despite its secular bent, Nidaa Tounes is open to more religious Tunisians as well.

鈥淟ook, I鈥檓 wearing a headscarf, and I鈥檓 with Nidaa Tounes.鈥�

Giving democracy a try

Ms. Matelli illustrates how Tunisia has become a marketplace of ideas. Yesterday鈥檚 election featured 22 candidates from an initial 27 (five dropped out). One, magistrate Kalthoum Kannou, made history as Tunisia鈥檚 first female presidential candidate.

From 1956 to 2011, Tunisians were ruled by just two men: Bourguiba and Ben Ali. Both repeatedly amended Tunisia鈥檚 previous constitution to centralize power and stay in office. But a new constitution adopted this year聽is more robust, says Ghazi Gherairi, a specialist in constitutional law at the University of Carthage, in Tunis.

Article 75 limits presidential terms to two, five-year mandates, and contains a clause stating that this limit may not be amended. Other articles shift powers to set policy, make key appointments, and issue decrees from the president to the prime minister, whom the constitution states must come from the top-scoring party or coalition in parliamentary elections.

Whichever candidate ends up leading Tunisia will have to win over not only party supporters, but also a large number of non-voters. Only about 3.2 million of around 8 million eligible voters went to polls yesterday, according to official figures.

Unemployment and a struggling economy top Tunisians鈥� concerns, according to a poll released in August by the International Republican Institute, which also found that 86 percent of Tunisians say that parties have done little or nothing to address their needs.

Among non-voters are a young housepainter and his fianc茅e, Hiba. Rather than vote, they loitered at a cultural center in Sidi Hassine, burned in the revolution and extensively graffitied. They hope to marry, but a bleak job market makes supporting a family tough. Still, the young couple envisions a future in which the democratic process, at least, is sound.

鈥淚f the president does a good job and we have confidence again,鈥� says Nader, 鈥渕aybe next time we鈥檒l vote.鈥�