Who鈥檚 a Latvian and why? A complex question just got harder.
| Riga, Latvia
The nature of Alice Zvezda鈥檚 identity is as challenging to juggle as the infant she鈥檚 pushing around a Riga park.
鈥淢y husband is Latvian and I am Russian. So I am like, both. I feel myself both,鈥� says Ms. Zvezda as she rocks her baby stroller cradling a next-generation Russian Latvian.
That kind of dual identity had been growing easier to navigate as Latvians distanced themselves from memories of their country鈥檚 50-year occupation by the Soviet Union that ended in the early 1990s.
Why We Wrote This
A story focused onLatvia had been making progress toward the inclusion of its ethnic Russian citizens. But the war in Ukraine has frozen such movement as the government raises its guard against neighboring Russia.
But it suddenly got harder last February, when Russia invaded Ukraine and the Latvian government began arming itself with words and weapons: It is reinstituting the military draft, excising Russian language from public schools, banning Russian state media from the airwaves, and dismantling Soviet-era memorials.
The vast majority of Latvians 鈥� including a quarter of the country鈥檚 Russian speakers 鈥攁re solidly against the war in Ukraine, but a small and significant segment of the Russian diaspora sympathizes with Russian President Vladimir Putin. Once tolerant of such citizens, the Latvian government is now trying to crack down on their way of thinking, just when Latvian society was making some progress toward inclusion of its multitude of ethnic identities.
It would seem that dialogue over Latvian identity, a complex construct of language, culture, and nationality, is needed more than ever. But since the war began, people have largely 鈥渃losed all the windows and switched off the lights鈥� on discussion, says Deniss Hanovs, a Russian Latvian cultural history professor at Riga Stradi艈拧听University.
鈥淭he history of Latvia has been so very bloody and full of conflict and tragedy that most people stick to ethnic identity鈥� when they define themselves, says Dr. Hanovs. 鈥淏ut we need to go beyond ethnic identity. One needs to be a citizen. The notion of [a] political nation is the only future for a multiethnic culture in Europe.鈥�
A complicated dance
But that鈥檚 a complicated dance today for a society that鈥檚 roughly a quarter ethnic Russian. 鈥淭he younger generation [of ethnic Russians and Latvians] is making families together and we do not have conflict,鈥� explains Ms. Zvezda. 鈥淲e were hoping when the generations change and the politicians are our age, it will be totally fine 鈥� love and understanding. But no, now war came. And it鈥檚 splitting the community.鈥�
About 150,000 Russian-speaking Latvians sympathize with Russia on the war, polls have found. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 a lot for small Latvia,鈥� says Ieva B膿rzi艈a, a researcher on Russian strategy at the National Defense Academy of Latvia.
And it leaves open the possibility that the Kremlin might destabilize Latvia using the Russian diaspora. Reaching out to this population through a common language, religion, and historical memory offers Russia an 鈥渦nparalleled soft power influence to further foreign policies abroad,鈥� in the words of by researchers at the London School of Economics.听
Dr. B膿rzi艈a听found in a 2016 study that Russian influence in Latvia could be 鈥渜uite huge ... when it comes to war and real-life situations that can catalyze differences within society,鈥� she says. 鈥淲hen it goes out onto the street it鈥檚 a huge problem.鈥�
One of those potential catalysts was the Victory Memorial in Riga, where ethnic Russians congregated every May 9 to celebrate the Soviet Army鈥檚 victory over Nazi Germany.听(The Soviets liberated Latvia from the Germans but ushered in their own five-decade-long occupation of the country.)
The authorities last week toppled the main obelisk, saying it risked 鈥減olarizing society,鈥� and removed other structures from the memorial complex, in line with the wishes of roughly 75% of Latvian speakers, but against those of the same proportion of Russian speakers, according to a poll by the Latvian polling firm SKDS. It鈥檚 a stark divide.
鈥淭he monument means different things for Latvians and Russians,鈥� explains Dr. B膿rzi艈a. 鈥淔or Latvians it鈥檚 a symbol of [Soviet] occupation and pain, and for Russian speakers it鈥檚 primarily a commemoration of their ancestors who fought against Nazi Germany.鈥�
This lack of a shared understanding of history hinders progress toward a harmonious Latvian society, says pollster Arnis Kaktins, SKDS鈥檚 executive director.
鈥淭o have a strong society, one of the pillars is that you should have a common history, and we don鈥檛 have that,鈥� he says. 鈥淲e have two different histories regarding the Second World War 鈥� with different beliefs around whether Russia occupied us, or whether they liberated us from the evil fascists.鈥�
Using Pushkin as a weapon
But minds are changing, nonetheless. Half of Russian speakers tell pollsters they sympathize with neither Russia nor Ukraine in the war. This group appears to be in transition away from traditional loyalties, says Mr. Kaktins.
鈥淭hey are confused; they are shocked; they need more time to talk, to understand, and to process what鈥檚 actually happening,鈥� he says. 鈥淚f suddenly something happens which contradicts your worldview of Russia as beautiful and good, you don鈥檛 automatically change it in two hours. It is a very slow, gradual process. It takes a long time.鈥�
Until the Ukraine war began, adds Dr. Hanovs, the Russian Latvian cultural history professor, ethnic Russians had seen their former homeland鈥檚 history in a heroic light, symbolized by musicians and poets such as Peter Tchaikovsky and听Aleksandr Pushkin. They never associated their culture with evil.
鈥淣ow, starting from February, this is part of my own [Russian] identity,鈥� Dr. Hanovs says, explaining that President Putin invaded Ukraine in the name of Russia鈥檚 glorious past. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not only Tchaikovsky and Pushkin, but also 鈥楶ushkin can be used to kill people in Ukraine,鈥欌�� he says.
Latvia鈥檚 defense minister, Artis Pabriks, is losing patience. He is in charge of reinstituting military conscription by 2023, and he insists that Putin supporters must understand that the glory days of the Soviet Union are over.
鈥淗ow can you tolerate in your country people who are saying, 鈥榃e鈥檙e against Parliament and against democracy and against freedom鈥�?鈥� asks Mr. Pabriks during an interview in Riga. 鈥淲e cannot simply say, 鈥極h yes, you are against an independent Latvia but you鈥檙e welcome to walk around.鈥欌�澨�
That hardening attitude indicates how difficult it could be to integrate Latvia without alienating those on the fringes, and without suppressing Russian culture and language.
The sizable group of Russian speakers who declare themselves patriotic citizens of Latvia might show the way, if the government takes a nuanced approach.
鈥淚 hope the Latvian political elite will manage to differentiate between those who are part of Latvia and those who still exist in the past,鈥� Dr. Hanovs听says. And some observers believe that the war might actually speed up convergence on a national Latvian identity, as Russians are forced to confront hard facts about their former motherland.
Ms. Zvezda, the young Russian Latvian mother living in Riga, harbors more modest hopes 鈥� that the growing difficulties of everyday life will push larger questions of war and peace and ethnic identity aside.
鈥淲ar is very, very bad,鈥� she says. 鈥淏ut it seems we are not speaking about these things anymore because we have corona, and prices are rising. We are afraid for our future.鈥�
Editor鈥檚 note: This story has been updated to clarify Deniss Hanovs as the source of a quote.
