海角大神

M茅lanie Pieters joins more than 50 women from the FC Paris Arc-en-Ciel聽soccer club in running drills down a soggy field. Around the perimeter, an all-male team runs laps before moving to one side of the field to play.

Between the rain and the intensity of practice, there鈥檚 no time for chatter, and certainly no space for harassment and homophobia. But that hasn鈥檛 always been the case. Ms. Pieters, a player and former president of her club, remembers a game where things turned ugly.

鈥淥ur team was one goal down and on the verge of a tie when the other team鈥檚 coach yelled to his players, 鈥楬ey, you鈥檙e not going to let yourself lose to a bunch of [LGBTQ slur], are you?鈥欌�� says Ms. Pieters. 鈥淎t the end of the match, where we usually shake hands, everyone started pushing one another and someone threw [an empty] plastic bottle at our player鈥檚 head.鈥�

Soccer matches that end in a brawl are relatively rare. But such offensive comments from coaches, players, and the public remain commonplace in soccer, for both women and men, in France and across Europe. Despite a new rule implemented over the summer by France鈥檚 Professional Football League (LFP) to halt matches over homophobic chants or signs 鈥� homophobia in French football abounds and being openly gay remains taboo.

Even if there are about 40 world-class international female players who are openly lesbian, no French professional players, male or female, have come out publicly. The continued discrimination that French women face in entering the world of professional soccer has made many hesitant to add another layer of potential prejudice, and the expectation to remain outwardly feminine 鈥� by both officials and fans 鈥� has forced many into silence.

While France passed a law to allow same sex marriage and adoption in 2013, the country remains conservative compared with its Western European neighbors when it comes to LGBTQ issues. A group called 鈥淢aires pour l鈥橢nfance鈥� claims more than 20,000 civil servants who are opposed to the 2013 law. Debate continues over allowing in vitro fertilization for lesbian couples, and there are few openly lesbian public personalities in French society. For the third year in a row, gay rights group SOS Homophobie has reported an increase in homophobic acts. Many experts say it鈥檚 no surprise that homosexuality in French soccer remains closeted.

鈥淲e鈥檝e seen progress in terms of accepting homosexuality in French society but there is still a lot of discrimination,鈥� says Quentin Leportier, co-founder of equal rights group Ex aequo and an expert on discrimination in sports. 鈥淎lready, to see two women holding hands publicly is complicated in society, so to see that in sports is even more complicated.鈥�

World Cup glow

Women鈥檚 soccer took the limelight this past summer when the FIFA Women鈥檚 World Cup was held in France. Since the championship, French clubs have seen an uptick in participation and commercial sponsors are investing more heavily in the sport.

But women鈥檚 soccer continues to struggle for equal rights. Women players earn 96% less than their male counterparts, according to a 2017 study by independent monitoring organization L鈥橭bservatoire des In茅galit茅s. And women represent just 8% of the nearly 2.2 million people registered with the French Football Federation (FFF), which governs both professional and amateur leagues.

The fight to be seen as equals has hindered progress on talking about players' homosexuality, observers say, as the athletes actively work to avoid double discrimination.

鈥淲omen players already withstand sexism in the sport so if on top of that, they say they鈥檙e gay 鈥� it鈥檚 one more opportunity for discrimination and there is an intersectionality that takes place,鈥� says Mr. Leportier.

Some players may avoid bringing attention to their sexuality in order to keep corporate sponsors or for fear of violence, while many cite pressure to appear stereotypically feminine. But this, say some, is just veiled homophobia.

鈥淚n order to gain more spectators, more visibility for the sport, women players have had to appear more feminine, so that soccer isn鈥檛 a marker for being a lesbian,鈥� says Julie Chr茅tien, a player for FC Paris Arc-en-Ciel. 鈥淏ut if we say that women鈥檚 soccer has to be compatible with femininity, homophobia is not far away.鈥�

Femininity on the field

Catherine Louveau, a sociologist and professor emeritus at l鈥橴niversit茅 de Paris Sud who specializes in gender and discrimination in sports, says that French female professional football players have received an official directive on their appearance 鈥� with instructions to maintain stereotypically feminine attributes, like having long hair, wearing makeup and jewelry, or painting their nails. Some have gone out of their way to post photos of themselves with their male partners on social media in a show of heteronormativity.颅

鈥淪ports have been constructed in a very binary way,鈥� says Ms. Louveau, who was a pioneer in talking about feminism in sports in the 1970s. 鈥淪o when you subvert that, by your clothing or by being gay, it becomes unbearable for some parts of society.鈥�

Soccer鈥檚 potential 鈥渃oming-out鈥� moment has also been hindered by recent national debate over homophobia during games. France鈥檚 sports minister in April launched an appeal to stop games over homophobia, as is already done for racist incidents. Since the LFP enacted the rule over the summer, upward of 20 games have been temporarily halted.聽

But in September, the president of the FFF pitted himself against the government and the LFP by announcing that he would tell referees not to stop games over homophobic incidents. For many LGBTQ players, the sense that the FFF doesn鈥檛 support them has huge consequences.

鈥淚f the president of the FFF can say something like that, it legitimizes certain behaviors,鈥� says Ms. Pieters. 鈥淗ow can we then explain to young players that they should or shouldn鈥檛 say certain things?鈥�

French women鈥檚 soccer might have benefited from openly gay players taking the spotlight during the World Cup, notably U.S. star Megan Rapinoe, who said she would not visit the White House in the event of a U.S. win. But France鈥檚 quarter-final appearance in the tournament did not incite anyone to come out.

鈥淲e all know very well who is gay but there has been no movement on this front, it鈥檚 still too taboo,鈥� says Veronica Noseda, co-founder of Les D茅gommeuses, a Paris-based soccer club comprised primarily of lesbian and transgender members. 鈥淔rance is a very universalist society, united by the values of the republic. It鈥檚 difficult to declare your differences, which is why there are very few well-known people who have come out, across all domains,鈥� says Ms. Noseda.聽

Teams as safe spaces

LGBTQ-friendly soccer teams have sprung up across France as a way to counteract homophobia in the sport. Teams like Les D茅gommeuses and FC Paris Arc-en-Ciel are two of many clubs that provide a safe space for gay players. And last summer Paris hosted the 10th Gay Games, an international event held every four years to promote equality in sports.

Antoine Griezmann, France鈥檚 star male player, was criticized by some for supporting the LFP decision to stop matches over homophobia and posing for the cover of LGBTQ magazine T锚tu. Some said he should stick to kicking the ball.

鈥淢any people say that certain homophobic words used during games are just part of the culture, but we need to remember that they can be extremely hurtful,鈥� says Fr茅d茅rique Vidal, administrator for F茅d茅ration Sportive Gaie et Lesbienne and a soccer player since she was a child. 鈥淲e shouldn鈥檛 have to justify ourselves. ... We just want to play.鈥�