海角大神

The ashes are cold in Umar Bashir Naikoo鈥檚 domed bread oven, and his family is desolate.

More than two months ago, the 14-year-old boy was seized from his village home here in the middle of the night, bundled into a police van, and driven away, according to his sister.

Since his father鈥檚 death, Umar, a newly fledged baker, had been the family breadwinner. But this fall, all his mother knew of her son鈥檚 whereabouts was that he was in jail 1,000 miles away, under a law allowing detention without charge or trial for up to two years聽鈥� a law that prohibits the detention of minors.

鈥淗e used to feed the family,鈥� said his mother, Saleema Bano, sitting with other relatives in a dim room of their home last month. 鈥淥nly Allah knows how he is now.鈥�

Now, after a habeas corpus petition established Umar鈥檚 age, the court has ordered his release聽鈥� though his whereabouts are unclear, amid monthslong restrictions on communications within Kashmir and with the rest of the country. But his family鈥檚 experiences highlight the deep suspicion and frustration pent up in Kashmir today, particularly between residents and Indian police, that has dramatically deepened since summer.聽

Umar is one of an estimated 4,000 people arrested in Kashmir after the Indian government stripped the partially autonomous region of its special status in early August, provoking violent protests in the Muslim-majority area 鈥撀爄ncluding, his family claims, many youth held illegally under the controversial Public Safety Act (PSA).聽

Government officials say that more than 300 people were booked under the law, and many transferred to jails outside Kashmir, but that several of those detained under preventive custody have been released.

鈥淭he detentions are being constantly reviewed. People will continue to be released,鈥� Jammu and Kashmir government spokesperson Rohit Kansal said at a press briefing on Oct. 12.

The government in New Delhi has defended the move to revoke the long-troubled territory鈥檚 status as a step to boost the economy, and quell decades of unrest and insurgency, stemming from many residents鈥� desire for independence or union with Pakistan.

Of the thousands of Kashmiris arrested, most were listed as 鈥渟tone pelters and other miscreants,鈥� . In recent years, a generation of young Kashmiris brought up amid the conflict have become increasingly active in showing their support for separatist rebels: attending protests, lobbing stones at soldiers, and attempting to protect militants. Security force tactics such as firing pellet guns, , have further soured the mood toward Indian rule.

Looking for answers

On the evening of Aug. 7, Umar was hard at work in the small bakery he had set up earlier this year, making piles of flatbread ahead of the Muslim festival of Eid al-Adha. He went to bed after supper, only to wake up to odd noises at 2 in the morning.

As he stumbled out of his bedroom he found soldiers and policemen ordering all men in the house to go outside, while his sisters and mother were huddled into a living room, according to his sister Gousia.

鈥淲hat is your name?鈥� a soldier asked Umar. As soon as he gave it he was whisked away, while the house rang with cries and wails.

Relatives said he was taken for no reason, but the fact that the police were looking for him suggests that they suspected Umar had taken part in protest rallies and perhaps thrown stones at Indian soldiers.

It has been more than ten weeks since his family last saw Umar, in the central jail in Kashmir鈥檚 capital, Srinagar, where dozens of families come every day in search of their arrested relatives.

鈥淥ne of his teeth was broken when we met him,鈥� recalled Gousia. 鈥淲e took some clothes for him 鈥� but the officials said black clothes were not allowed鈥� because of the color鈥檚 association with protests. 鈥淣ext day when we went to see him we were told he鈥檇 been shifted to Varanasi jail鈥� in Uttar Pradesh, 1,000 miles south, subject to a PSA detention order.

No member of his family could afford to visit. But they filed a habeas corpus petition in a Srinagar court, supported by a certificate from Umar鈥檚 former school bearing his birth date. The district magistrate, who had signed the PSA order, questioned the validity of the certificate, but a court-ordered inquiry confirmed his age. On Oct. 15, the government announced it would drop charges against Umar, and he will be released.聽

鈥淭he inquiry report proved that he was a minor and he can鈥檛 be jailed under the PSA [Public Safety Act],鈥� says Mir Shafqat Hussain, who represented the teen in court. 鈥淣ow, he has to be brought back from the jail and the family would have to receive him.鈥� But even he does not know whether Umar has indeed been released, or where he is.

The Indian government argues that the Public Safety Act is necessary to scuttle separatism. The law prohibits the detention of minors, but by Amnesty International documented several cases where children were held.

In late September, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court鈥檚 Juvenile Justice Committee passed on to the Indian Supreme Court a report from Kashmir police insisting that 鈥渘o child has been kept or taken into illegal detention by the Police authorities鈥� but聽acknowledging 聽鈥� including children as young as 9 鈥撀爁or brief periods. By mid-October, however, the regional government had of four minors detained under the PSA, according to local reports.

Life on pause

Life in Kashmir has come to a virtual standstill since its status was revoked, with protest strikes and the closure of almost all shops and businesses. Indian authorities have imposed a communications blackout, shutting down telephone and internet links, and deployed thousands of troops on the streets, though some cellphone service was restored earlier this month.

Since Umar鈥檚 arrest, his family has been living under stress. His small bakery had been the family鈥檚 sole sustenance, explained Gousia. 鈥淗e had baked a roomful of bread ahead of the Eid; now we owe 40,000 rupees ($560) to one supplier and more to another,鈥� she worried.

She and her mother are scraping a living by selling milk from their cows. 鈥淲e have to keep going,鈥� said Gousia.聽

Their income is nowhere near enough to pay for travel to Varanasi, a city of which Ms. Banu had never heard before.聽Eleven days since the court ordered his release, Umar had not come home.

鈥淗ow will we live without him?鈥� Ms. Banu said last Saturday. 鈥淲e didn鈥檛 even visit him due to lack of money, and now how can we pay police to bring him back? 鈥� They are telling us, 鈥榃e need to bring him from Varanasi, so give us money for that.鈥欌��

Their family continues to wait.