The Trump era begins
Buckle up and brace yourself: Here comes the Trump swerve. After eight years of President Obama there鈥檚 a new chief executive entering the Oval Office, and he鈥檚 eager to grab the reins of government and steer the United States in a sharply different direction.聽
The G-forces created by this coming turn might be intense. Seldom in American history have the policy disagreements between a president and his predecessor been so great. Consider that the Affordable Care Act, Mr. Obama鈥檚 signature domestic achievement, is high on President Trump鈥檚 most endangered list. Mr. Trump is pushing the GOP Congress to repeal the ACA (also known as 鈥淥bamacare鈥�) and replace it with something else as soon as possible. And ASAP in this case may mean 鈥渄ays.鈥�
Trump鈥檚 likely to sweep away a number of Obama-era business and environmental regulations before inaugural balls get going. The new president鈥檚 approach to foreign policy 鈥� from Day 1 鈥� promises to be transactional and unilateralist, whereas Obama鈥檚 was more alliance-oriented.
The incoming and outgoing presidents seem to get along on a personal level about as well as could be expected for two people with wildly different personalities and political views. So Transition 2017 won鈥檛 be awkward on that level. That鈥檚 not always so: In 1933, Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt so despised each other that neither spoke a word as they rode from the White House to the Capitol for F.D.R.鈥檚 swearing-in.
On policy substance it鈥檚 another matter. The change from Obama to Trump might not constitute the U-turn of Hoover to F.D.R., when a tight money approach to the Depression gave way to an expansionist New Deal overnight. But it may be at least as consequential as, say, the switch from Democrat Harry Truman to Republican Dwight Eisenhower in 1953, or from Ike to Democrat John F. Kennedy eight years later. Both those transitions produced real change in how the US approached the world.
One caveat: Trump himself is a big variable. Allegations about his connections to Russia could morph into a story that consumes his time. And it remains unclear how many of his campaign promises should be taken literally. As a novice politician he has little ideological record. How will he adapt to being president, as opposed to running for office? Are his tweets real policy signals or just noise?
And Trump, like some other president-elects before him, will find it鈥檚 harder than he thinks to send the government careening off on a new tangent. The federal bureaucracy is skilled at absorbing and diffusing presidential orders. Congress and the courts have a lot to say about what happens in the District of Columbia. 鈥淐ontinuity鈥� may be more Washington鈥檚 watchword than 鈥渃hange.鈥�
But Republicans now control both chambers of Congress and the presidency. After eight years of Obama there鈥檚 a lot of pent-up demand on the right for GOP-led initiatives.聽
鈥淚 think [Trump] can be transformative not just because of himself but because the conditions are pretty good right now for an aggressive Republican administration,鈥� says Julian Zelizer, a professor of history and public affairs at Princeton University.
Like most modern presidents, Trump has already produced a list of things he vows to do in his first 100 days in office. That鈥檚 a benchmark that dates back to F.D.R. of course. In his first 100 days F.D.R. pushed 15 major pieces of legislation through Congress. This unprecedented burst of activity established federal insurance of bank deposits and 鈥� for the first time 鈥� regulated Wall Street. It created US agricultural supports and the Civilian Conservation Corps. It laid the foundation for today鈥檚 federal government structure.
Trump鈥檚 list is neither that sweeping nor, needless to say, that liberal. It includes potentially big changes nonetheless.聽
Some aren鈥檛 likely to actually take effect 鈥� for instance, Trump said in October that he鈥檚 going to propose a constitutional amendment to put term limits on Congress. The process to approve that would be lengthy and complex.聽
But others can be done easily. Trump has promised that he鈥檒l immediately terminate what he terms Obama鈥檚 鈥渋llegal amnesties鈥� for unauthorized immigrants. That would include the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which allows unauthorized immigrants brought to the US as kids to stay in the country. He鈥檚 said he鈥檒l withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal Obama officials have worked on for eight years.聽
Presidents have lots of power to levy tariffs on imports of specific products or from particular countries, as Trump has threatened to do. They have plenty of leeway on foreign policy as well. In that regard Trump has vowed that on Day 1 he鈥檒l go after China by labeling it a currency manipulator 鈥� a move that may have little actual effect but will annoy Beijing. And he insists that at the earliest possible moment the US will begin working on Trump鈥檚 Great Wall for the southern border (a barrier Obama has called 鈥渉alf-baked鈥�).
The new president has not changed his position in regard to where the funding for this project is coming from.
鈥淢exico will pay for the wall,鈥� insists Trump鈥檚 website still, highlighting the vow in red type.
In some ways obama鈥檚 legacy is uniquely vulnerable to reversal or alteration by a new chief executive. That鈥檚 because a substantial portion of it is built on a foundation of executive orders and other direct manifestations of presidential power.
Obama did not feel he had much choice. In his first two years in office he enjoyed safe congressional majorities, and he was able to get Obamacare and the Dodd-Frank financial regulation bill through Congress. But in the 2010 midterm elections Democrats lost control of the House and barely held onto the Senate. After that the route through Capitol Hill for Obama鈥檚 legislative agenda was pretty much blocked.
So he turned to executive actions. DACA is a case in point: There was no way Obama could get a bill through Congress allowing unauthorized immigrants brought here as youngsters to stay in the US. Instead, he invoked his authority as the boss of federal law enforcement and ordered US prosecutors to use their discretion to leave such people alone. Republicans fumed (and sued) but now that鈥檚 a moot point.
鈥淭he great thing about executive power is that you can use it with efficiency and speed. The bad thing is that the next president can attack it with the same efficiency and speed,鈥� says Mr. Zelizer.
The Iran nuclear deal is another example of this approach. It鈥檚 not a treaty approved by the Senate and enacted into US law. Instead, Obama used his presidential authority to lift Iranian sanctions, his ability to strike political international agreements, and the US vote in the United Nations Security Council to stitch together an accord aimed at curbing Iran鈥檚 uranium enrichment activities.
Trump could reverse much of that. During his campaign he vowed he would, saying that his 鈥淣o. 1 priority is to dismantle the disastrous deal鈥� and extract more concessions from Tehran. Whether he鈥檒l fulfill this promise is an open question 鈥� at a recent 海角大神 Science Monitor breakfast the Republican chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Sen. Bob Corker of Tennessee, said ripping up the agreement would create an international 鈥渃risis鈥� and isn鈥檛 likely to happen. But Trump鈥檚 unpredictable. The power to act on this issue is in his hands.
Whoever follows Trump into the Oval Office may have the same sort of leeway on other important matters. Heavy reliance on executive actions has become a feature of the modern presidency, says former Senate historian Donald Ritchie. Given the GOP鈥檚 current hold on the House and Senate, it might be hard to foresee a day when Trump finds the legislative pathway blocked. But disputes can be intraparty as well as partisan. And the American electorate seems to have become used to punishing the party in power in midterm elections.
鈥淚f you look at the last couple of years of every president ... once they lose control of Congress they have got to turn to executive orders if they want to leave a stamp on things,鈥� Mr. Ritchie says.
For now, though, the US government is in united Republican hands. And the congressional GOP is more ideologically unified than ever. The party has moved to the right on many overarching domestic issues such as government spending and taxes. The few moderate Capitol Hill Republicans that remain could caucus in the back of a compact car.
Trump鈥檚 constructed a cabinet along similar lines. Even his picks from outside Washington are generally in concert with the congressional GOP鈥檚 thinking on domestic issues. Some nominees 鈥� such as the secretary-designate of Health and Human Services, Rep. Tom Price 鈥� were plucked from Congress itself.
It鈥檚 almost certain that Congress will move a tax cut bill, probably shaped along lines long favored by House Speaker Paul Ryan.聽
It鈥檚 also virtually certain that lawmakers will repeal Obamacare and enact some sort of GOP health plan in its place. It鈥檚 likely that they鈥檒l also try to substantially alter Medicaid and perhaps Medicare.聽
Trump continues to talk about an infrastructure bill, but that seems to be dropping on his list of priorities. Transition officials say it is no longer 鈥渃ore鈥� and is likely to be addressed only after the Trump administration鈥檚 initial burst of action.聽
On most of these issues Democrats will be involved only on the margins. The US isn鈥檛 entering an era of bridge building. It鈥檚 continuing a period of partisan divide and rule in government.
Trump won鈥檛 transform Washington as a Republican who builds a new coalition with Democrats, says Zelizer. 鈥淗e鈥檒l transform it as a Republican who might achieve what his Republican predecessors were unable to do in terms of cutting down a lot of government and in some ways using the military more aggressively,鈥� says the Princeton professor.
But there is a wild card here, a known unknown, an X-factor. That鈥檚 Donald Trump himself. As president, Trump is singular. Some historians compare him to Andrew Jackson, the first populist president, a man whose supporters the elite felt to be uncouth.
But Jackson had been a state governor and a general. Trump鈥檚 the only US chief executive in history who has never held political office or been a military officer. He鈥檚 the first to use social media to attack his adversaries. His blunt campaign style has been unique and refreshing to some, and horrifyingly transgressive to others.
What will he actually do? That remains an open question. Some of his recent tweets, if serious, have vast policy implications. In December he tweeted that the US 鈥渕ust greatly strengthen and expand its nuclear capability,鈥� for instance. That implies he will propose a large new atomic weapons program, perhaps launching a new arms race. Unless the tweet was just a random musing thought, the kind all presidents probably have but haven鈥檛 previously made public.
Trump鈥檚 also tweeted that flag burners should face loss of US citizenship or some other sort of legal punishment. That would likely run afoul of First Amendment protections. Is he serious? He often complains about unfair media treatment and labels particular newspapers or TV programs 鈥渇ailing.鈥� He鈥檚 talked about loosening libel laws. Will he use legal powers to go after the press?
The Trump Cabinet is conservative 鈥� predictably so, says David Greenberg, a professor of history and journalism at Rutgers University. With a few exceptions, its members are the same sort of people any of the Republican presidential candidates would have picked.
But Trump has also selected for his inner circle some 鈥渨ild outsiders鈥� who want to blow up the current political system, says Mr. Greenberg, such as former Breitbart News chair Steve Bannon. In that sense the 2017 transition might be similar to the 1969 handover of power from Lyndon Johnson to Richard Nixon.聽
Nixon picked a conservative cabinet but generally ignored it and dealt mostly with a favored few aides, such as Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman. Nixon鈥檚 temperament wasn鈥檛 so much conservative as authoritarian, Greenberg adds. 鈥淭he worry most people have about Trump is along those lines,鈥� he says. 鈥淧eople worry he will govern the way he has campaigned ... [that] he will show the same contempt for norms that he has throughout the campaign.鈥�
In that sense the transition from Obama to Trump will involve more than just a change in policies, says the Rutgers historian.
It鈥檚 also possible that Trump is less a breaker of Washington鈥檚 crockery and more a rookie politician who hasn鈥檛 yet figured out how to translate his business experience into presidential leadership.
If that鈥檚 the case, the best comparison might not be Nixon, but Jimmy Carter. President Carter was an outsider who knew little about how to get things done in the nation鈥檚 capital. To some extent, he never did figure it out. Carter, a former Georgia governor, treated Congress as if it were the Georgia state legislature 鈥� something you could go around via direct appeals to voters. That just did not work on the national level after he won the presidency.
鈥淗e had huge Democratic majorities and didn鈥檛 make the most of [them],鈥� says Ritchie, the former Senate historian.
That example would foreshadow friction between Trump and the congressional Republican majority. There have been some examples of that in the pre-inaugural period: Trump objected to the timing of the House GOP effort to downgrade the independent Office of Congressional Ethics. Many Republican lawmakers have questioned Trump鈥檚 developing geopolitical 鈥渂romance鈥� with Russian leader Vladimir Putin.
For now, the GOP congressional leadership appears willing to accommodate Trump鈥檚 tweets and other eccentricities to get his presidential signature on long-sought conservative legislation. But this accommodation has shallow roots. Remember that back in June Mr. Ryan called Trump鈥檚 complaints about a Hispanic judge a 鈥渢extbook definition of a racist comment.鈥�
鈥淲ho is going to check [Trump]? It might be his own party in Congress,鈥� says former House historian Raymond Smock, director of the Robert C. Byrd Center for Congressional History and Education.
Reality might checkTrump鈥檚 policy ambitions, too.
The US government isn鈥檛 actually a Ford Mustang (American made!) that a new president can whip into a tight slide and turn. It鈥檚 more like a container ship, a behemoth of the seas that has lots of inertia and takes miles to stop. Not exactly maneuverable.聽
All presidents come into office wanting to make an immediate impact. But that is harder than it looks.
鈥淭here is a lot more continuity than people think,鈥� says George Edwards III, a presidential expert and distinguished professor of political science at Texas A&M University.
For one thing, the bureaucracy resists. This is a matter of procedure as much as obstinacy. It鈥檚 easy for a new president to sign an executive order undoing a predecessor鈥檚 executive order. But will there be a new regulation replacing an old one? Does it need to be published in the Federal Register for public comment? What鈥檚 its effect on the budget? And so forth.
For another, existing laws and/or regulations usually develop constituencies. Take Obamacare. Republicans might want to go back to the era prior to the ACA, but doing so would involve taking health insurance away from millions of Americans. It would mean insurers could again deny coverage to people with preexisting conditions. Whatever its faults, the Obama health effort has moved the goal posts on the issue. Trump and the GOP need to take that into account.
Congressional Republicans are struggling with that right now as they try to put together an Obamacare replacement as quickly as possible. 鈥淵ou might make some adjustments, but they鈥檒l provide health care to those millions of people,鈥� Mr. Edwards predicts.
Nor do American interests in foreign policy change just because the nation held an election. A new president, taking office, often finds that there are good reasons the US has taken the international positions it has. The Iran deal might be a good example of this. If Trump rips it up, what will he do next? Lots of other nations had a say in its creation and aren鈥檛 eager to return to what existed before. That will greatly lessen US leverage. Meanwhile, Iran will demand changes of its own.聽
North Korea remains one of the biggest problems facing US diplomacy. Trump has already vowed that North Korean development of an intercontinental ballistic missile 鈥渨on鈥檛 happen.鈥� But as it happens, China is a huge influence on North Korea. It鈥檚 Pyongyang鈥檚 biggest neighbor and only friend. Will plunging into a trade war with Beijing help the US control Kim Jong-un?聽
Finally, presidential honeymoons are short. Trump is working with congressional majorities, which is good news for him, but he is also not particularly popular with voters for an incoming president, which is bad news. That will lessen his ability to get difficult things through Capitol Hill.
鈥淥nce he does things that really irritate people and there is pushback 鈥� 鈥榟ere is the guy who wants to make the air dirty鈥� or 鈥榖usiness leaders say this will be bad for jobs鈥� 鈥� he is going to be even less popular,鈥� says Edwards.
All presidential transitions are uncertain. The new president and the new executive branch team are untested. Other countries (Russia?) may see the transition period as a time to prod and test the US. Others (Israel?) may see it as an opportunity to get on better terms with the American administration. 鈥淏ut this one seems more uncertain. Trump has never held public office and he doesn鈥檛 have a long history of opinions in public policies,鈥� says David Clinton, chair of the political science department at Baylor University.
Today鈥檚 situation might be comparable when Eisenhower took over from Truman in 1953, according to Mr. Clinton. Eisenhower had vowed during the campaign to go to Korea, then the theater of a shooting war. He hinted there would be a dramatic change in US strategy. He also instituted Project Solarium, a famous discussion in which three groups argued for three different US grand strategies in the developing confrontation with the Soviet Union.
In the end, Ike made tweaks in the US approach in these areas, but they were minimal. Containment remained the White House watchword for the cold war. 鈥淎s it turns out, there wasn鈥檛 as much change as people thought there might be,鈥� says Clinton.
That鈥檚 the way it has often been with transitions, he says. New presidents discovered that the US ship of state has so much inertia, and takes so much energy to change course, that it is best to single out priorities and work hardest on those.聽
鈥淭hey just focused on a few issues, on a few things they thought they could handle. And that鈥檚 what happens with most presidents,鈥� Clinton says.聽
Contributor Gail Russell Chaddock and staff writer Story Hinckley contributed to this report.
