海角大神

The killing of three American doctors in a Kabul hospital Thursday by an Afghan police officer assigned to provide security at the American-run hospital is a tragic reminder of a shift in attacks on foreigners in Afghanistan from military to civilian targets.

After years of carrying out so-called green-on-blue violence, in which Afghan security forces have attacked American and other foreign soldiers working closely with the Afghan military and police, the Taliban, the uniformed forces they鈥檝e recruited, and other Afghans motivated by anti-foreigner sentiments are increasingly turning their rage against foreign civilians.

Earlier this month an Afghan army officer killed a German Associated Press photographer covering the Afghan elections and wounded the Canadian AP reporter working with her.

Other attacks against foreigners, though not by uniformed Afghans, are part of the increase, resulting in a grim toll of at least 22 foreigners killed at the hands of Afghans 鈥� a number that surpasses the foreign soldiers killed by some form of hostile fire this year.

With the US-led NATO operation in Afghanistan drawing down to its scheduled conclusion at the end of the year, there are fewer foreign soldiers to become targets. With the drawdown, more soldiers are sticking closer to their bases, and after the past years鈥� spikes in green-on-blue attacks, measures have been put in place to reduce the risks of such attacks.聽New Afghan recruits training with Americans and other foreigners are often required to leave their weapons at a base entrance and are assigned fake 鈥渨eapons鈥� for training exercises, for example.

But civilians such as aid workers 鈥� or the doctors shot Thursday 鈥� are the foreigners now in most frequent contact with Afghans, and that leaves them susceptible to anti-foreigner attacks, experts in the field say.

鈥淚t鈥檚 hard to know what these attackers are thinking in choosing their targets, but I suspect what we鈥檙e seeing is a shift to softer targets that don鈥檛 regularly have armed escorts,鈥� says Marla Keenan, managing director of the Washington office of Civilians in Conflict, an organization that works in Afghanistan and other war-torn countries to reduce the impact of armed conflict on civilian populations.

For some Afghans, the attacks on civilians reflect a new take on the Taliban鈥檚 objective of intimidation: frightening foreigners into leaving Afghanistan, and discouraging Afghans from working and associating with the 鈥渋nfidels鈥� in the country.

鈥淭argeting [foreign] civilians may be a new form of green-on-blue [violence],鈥� says Parwiz Kawa, editor in chief of Hasht e Subh daily newspaper in Kabul. 鈥淭he Taliban are trying to use different means for their pressure on the government and international community.鈥�

Mr. Kawa says he doubts that Americans and other foreigners are likely to exit the country as a result of the attacks.

鈥淎merican civilians know that Afghanistan is in war, and they are coming here with full knowledge of this fact,鈥� he says. On the other hand, he says the violence has increased concerns of Afghans who appreciate the work that foreigners and development organizations are doing that they will abandon Afghanistan.

The attacks understandably have the international aid community reassessing their security arrangements, but Ms. Keenan at Civilians in Conflict echoes Kawa鈥檚 confidence that foreign civilians won鈥檛 respond by packing their bags for home.

The focus of aid groups in areas like education, health, and economic development 鈥渕ay have provided some sense of protection, but that may be shifting now,鈥� Keenan says. Organizations will no doubt take a fresh look at security and whether it might have to be hardened, she says, but she adds that a dedication to the Afghan people and the goal of enabling them to improve living conditions in their country will keep foreigners working in Afghanistan.

That undaunted spirit shone through in the statement by the wife of one of the doctors killed in Thursday鈥檚 attack. Jan Schuitema Umanos said at her home in Chicago that her husband, Jerry Umanos, 鈥渁lways wanted us to serve underserved populations and Afghanistan was just one of them. He always had a desire to be the hands and feet of Christ.鈥�

Mrs. Umanos, who also did several years of humanitarian work in Afghanistan, added, 鈥淚 know Jerry would also like everybody to know about his love for the Afghan people.鈥� She then added, 鈥淎nd we don鈥檛 hold any ill will toward the Afghan people in general, or even the gunman who did this.鈥�

The gunman concluded his rampage by turning his gun on himself and firing, but colleagues of Dr. Umanos at CURE International hospital intervened and treated the gunman before he was taken into custody.

The other two Americans killed in Thursday鈥檚 attack were a father and son that Umanos was showing around the charity hospital.

聽Kawa, the Afghan journalist, says that kind of dedication to development work will prevail over the anti-foreigners鈥� intimidation tactics. But he says another looming event 鈥� the close-out by December of NATO鈥檚 long mission in Afghanistan 鈥� is more likely to result in a smaller foreign civilian presence.

鈥淭he NATO withdrawal and aid cutoff may be a stronger factor for American civilians to leave the country,鈥� he says.

Keenan says she doesn鈥檛 foresee organizations like hers leaving because of the international military departure, but she acknowledges that international assistance may very well fall as countries no longer have any military presence in Afghanistan.

Noting that donor countries can decide what money they put where based on where they have troops, she says it鈥檚 a 鈥渇air question鈥� how much 鈥渄onor countries will continue to support Afghanistan even when there鈥檚 not a Western military presence.鈥�