海角大神

President Obama hosts Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai at the White House for lunch and talks Friday, but the big questions hanging over the visit won鈥檛 be answered there. Rather, pressing issues that remain after more than a decade of military involvement in Afghanistan will be resolved by pacts and commitments to be reached over the coming year, as the United States prepares to take its operations against the Taliban and Al Qaeda into a new phase.聽

Still, the meeting may help to lay the groundwork for the coming year's negotiations. The two leaders are expected to discuss the next steps in the transition from US and other international forces to Afghan security forces, as well as the requirements each side has for reaching a long-term bilateral security agreement, or BSA. Mr. Karzai is also likely to have in his pocket a wish list for military hardware.

That means no one is expecting any concrete decisions on Friday. Long-term stationing-of-forces agreements and civilian aid commitments remain to be worked out. And critical regional diplomacy still lies ahead.聽

Among those big issues that form the backdrop for Friday鈥檚 talks:

• What will it take to continue to deny 鈥渟afe haven鈥� in Afghanistan to an Al Qaeda that, although diminished, retains its leadership structure across the border in Pakistan?
• What kind of support will the Afghan National Security Forces need over the long term to keep from crumbling 鈥� something that could eventually lead to a return to civil war?
• Will it be possible to maintain and even advance the gains in education, development, and women鈥檚 and girls鈥� rights made during 11 years of intense US and international involvement, as the US civilian commitment mirrors the US military drawdown?

The White House insists that 鈥渄enying Al Qaeda safe haven鈥� is one of Mr. Obama鈥檚 two top objectives for long-term US involvement in Afghanistan 鈥� the other being to 鈥渢rain and equip鈥� an Afghan military capable of maintaining Afghan sovereignty after NATO departs in 2014. But some critics of administration plans, citing some of the proposals said to be on the table, say the US risks seeing large swaths of the country become once again susceptible to Al Qaeda control.

Some administration officials say Obama is unlikely to keep more than 6,000 troops in the country long-term, while others suggest he is even giving thought to a zero-troops option that would presumably envision carrying out counterterrorism efforts through drones and other remote means.

Speaking with reporters this week, Ben Rhodes, deputy national security adviser for strategic communication, said keeping no troops in Afghanistan post-2014 鈥渨ould be an option we would consider.鈥� The goal of concluding a BSA with the Afghan government, he reminded reporters, 鈥渋s not to keep troops鈥� in the country but to do what's necessary to achieve the two 鈥渕issions鈥� of continuing to train Afghan forces and to deny Al Qaeda safe havens.

Obama鈥檚 goal is to conclude negotiations on a security agreement by November, Mr. Rhodes said.

Some critics say an agreement that results in only a few thousand US troops in Afghanistan will fail at Obama鈥檚 own objectives. A聽scant US force on the ground won鈥檛 be enough either to keep the Afghan Army controlling its own territory or to carry out sufficient counterterrorist operations, insists聽Fred Kagan, director of the Critical Threats Project at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington. A proponent of a sizable long-term US presence in Afghanistan, he envisions a US troop level closer to 30,000 troops than to 3,000.

The result of understaffing Afghanistan, he says, will be a steady rise in ungoverned territory ripe for Al Qaeda infiltration.

Also important is what Pakistan, Afghanistan's neighbor, thinks of the long-term commitment the US makes to Afghanistan.

The US has long criticized Pakistani authorities for tolerating (and in some cases encouraging) the havens in zones along the Afghan border where the Taliban and Al Qaeda take refuge. But Pakistani authorities who fear a power vacuum in Afghanistan if the US departs tolerate the presence of those groups as a means of maintaining some influence over events across the border, regional experts say.

Securing a long-term US presence in Afghanistan would reassure the Pakistanis, these experts say, and could result in a more robust effort in tackling the problem of Pakistan鈥檚 terrorist refuges.

As the US considers a long-term security agreement with Afghanistan, another question is what happens to the civilian development effort that has expanded education across the country, in particular for girls, developed local governance, and improved health programs and other services?

Related to that is what happens to a national economy that is dependent on significant international military and other expenditures that are about to dry up?

Some development experts say a minimal US military presence, designed only to carry out counterterrorist operations and some training of security forces, would curtail if not doom the civilian effort, because the security that civilian aid workers depend on to get out to project sites would be reduced.

A focus simply on the number of US troops remaining in Afghanistan after 2014 is misplaced, says Anthony Cordesman, a national security and military affairs expert at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington.

鈥淭he civil side of the war is at least as critical as the future role of the US military,鈥� Mr. Cordesman says in a recent post on the CSIS website.

Laying the problem of the 鈥渕issing civil half鈥� of the 鈥渃ivil-military effort鈥� at the feet of the Obama administration, Mr. Cordesman says Obama will have to offer a comprehensive plan for meeting a range of 聽Afghanistan鈥檚 security, development, and economic challenges if the case is to be made to stay.聽