海角大神

A little over a year after this city emerged from the largest municipal bankruptcy in United States history, its beleaguered school system is facing its own financial moment of truth.

Enrollment is down. Debt is sky-high. Schools are crumbling. And teachers are up in arms.

Now, a planned $500 million system restructuring 鈥撀燼pproved in the wee hours Thursday morning by Republican-led House lawmakers 鈥� comes with strings attached that could further deepen the divide between city and state.

For a school system with聽聽in debt聽swelled by pensions, administration costs, and long-term borrowings, the legislation would lift the burden,聽spinning off the indebted system to create a new, debt-free one. 聽

But to do this, Detroit teachers who haven鈥檛 had a raise in five years will have to renegotiate their contracts and accept merit-based pay. The state will continue its emergency control over the largely African-American district. And there are financial sanctions on the district,聽teachers聽union, and teachers for striking.

Major changes are needed to save the district, many agree. But critics say the measures are聽unnecessarily punitive, fueling racial overtones and creating new fault lines at a time when the need is to rebuild community trust聽and give local residents a voice in problem-solving.

In this way, there are concerns that House lawmakers haven't learned the lessons of the drinking-water crisis in nearby Flint, Mich., where an unwillingness to listen to residents exacerbated a聽manmade environmental tragedy.

鈥淭he House version was not pulled together on a conciliatory stance. It鈥檚 heavy-handed and points the fingers at Detroit educators. It鈥檚 saying: We鈥檙e going to take away more power and more authority over your jobs,鈥� says David Arsen, an education policy expert at Michigan State University in East Lansing. 鈥淚f you want to have a system that enlists the support of the community, the educators, the parents, you鈥檝e got to have their voices.鈥�

That isn't just about local people needing to have their say; it鈥檚 also about sharing responsibility so that Detroit can do its part, says Tonya Allen, president and CEO of the Skillman Foundation, a nonprofit working to improve both Detroit and its schools.

鈥淭he longer we鈥檙e doing this [state oversight], the more we are reinforcing the notion that the schools are not the community鈥檚 responsibility,鈥� she says.

Two very different plans

Teachers called a mass 鈥渟ick-out鈥� on Monday and Tuesday over the prospect of payless paydays this summer, shutting virtually all 97 public schools. The schools reopened Wednesday after teachers were promised that they would be paid through August. This winter, they staged sick-outs to raise awareness of the conditions in some of the schools, which included unheated classrooms, crumbling floors and ceilings, and mold, mushrooms, and rodent droppings.

In March, Michigan鈥檚 Senate passed its own restructuring bill with $700 million in funding and greater city oversight. This marked a positive step in the debate over what to do with Detroit Public Schools (DPS) after seven years of state management, says Mr. Arsen. But that path forward appears to have been checked by the House plan.

Michigan's Senate majority leader Thursday he didn't want to force a solution on the city.

"I think bipartisan is best and I want those thought leaders and opinion leaders in Detroit to buy into the solution because I want them to want it to work," Republican Arlan Meekhof said. "If we give them something they don't want or can't accommodate, it's likely they'll make sure it doesn't work. And then we'll be back doing this again. I really don't want to do that."

One crucial difference between the two bills is the role of a commission with oversight over public and charter schools that proponents say is needed after years of breakneck expansion in charters in the state that have created a patchwork of options for parents. The House omitted the commission, which is opposed by charter schools and their political allies.

Enrollment in DPS fell from 141,000 students in 2005 to 47,000 in 2015. This exodus of students meant less money for schools, creating a debt spiral even as more teachers and programs were cut every year, adding to the frustration for educators.

鈥淲e鈥檙e telling them [teachers], they have to educate the next generation. But we鈥檙e not giving them the tools,鈥� says Sharla Carter, an administrator at Wellspring Kumon, an afterschool nonprofit in Detroit that serves students from public and charter schools.

Cherie Bandrowski, who runs Wellspring, says that the closure of neighborhood schools and poor test scores in those that remain are tipping the hand of many concerned parents. 鈥淭his further creams off families with resources. If you have a car and the ability to get your children to another school, you鈥檙e going to do that.鈥�

Across the street, three yellow digging trucks clawed through the rubble of an elementary school that closed in 2009. It鈥檚 one of hundreds of abandoned or shuttered buildings in a city that has lost more than half of its population over the past half-century. DPS has shed 159 schools since 2005, some of which were converted into charters.

鈥淎 lot of people say parents are choosing charter schools. Some are choosing, but for others, they鈥檙e more like educational refugees than shoppers,鈥� says Ms. Allen.

View from the ground

The city鈥檚 bankruptcy, from which it emerged in 2014, allowed it to settle with creditors, restructure its $6.8 billion in debt, and hang onto to the Detroit Institute of Art鈥檚 famous collection that some lenders had wanted to auction off.

But that model doesn鈥檛 work for the school system, says Arsen, since the state would be on the hook for DPS liabilities to the tune of $2 billion. This means state lawmakers have to find a compromise with the city and not impose solutions that exacerbate the upheaval.

And he says that means restoring an elected school board, which the Michigan House says won鈥檛 happen until 2017.

鈥淲e don't want our city to explode, by the virtue of the anger and the frustration and resentment that this kind of legislation can create,鈥� said the Rev. Wendell Anthony, president of the Detroit branch of the NAACP and co-chair of the Coalition for the Future of Detroit Schoolchildren, which held a press conference Thursday.

Outside the Cass Technical High School on Thursday, many parents expressed frustration over the state鈥檚 management. 鈥淭here鈥檚 been bad decisions from the top. I think students and teachers are the victims,鈥� says Michael Van Tull, who was dropping off his ninth-grade son. He said he鈥檇 looked into private schools but couldn鈥檛 afford it.

"I don't think charters are the answer. We need to pull together and make DPS better," says Sandra Wilson, a paralegal who works for the city. Her daughter is in ninth grade at Cass, a magnet school a mile from Detroit's downtown skyscrapers. She said the state was to blame for the current crisis and said it was "100 percent racist" in its attitudes toward Detroit.

Laquesha Jennings, a pharmacy technician who has a tenth-grader at the school, says she has sympathy with the teachers who refused to work this week but lamented that the students had to suffer. 鈥淚 just think they need to find a permanent solution to the problem.鈥�