Former Fed chair Volcker remembered for 'Great Moderation'
Paul Volcker, who died Dec. 8, was Federal Reserve chairman in the early 1980s. He is remembered for elevating interest rates to historic highs and triggering a recession in order to quash double-digit inflation.
Mr. Volcker took charge of the Fed in August 1979, when the U.S. economy was in the grip of runaway inflation. Consumer prices skyrocketed 13% in 1979 and then by the same pace again in 1980.
Working relentlessly to bring prices under control, Mr. Volcker raised the Fed鈥檚 benchmark interest rate from 11% to a record 20% by late 1980 to try to slow the economy鈥檚 growth and thereby shrink inflation.
Those high interest rates made it so expensive for people and companies to borrow that the economy weakened steadily. By January 1980, a recession had begun. It lasted six months. A deeper and more painful downturn took hold in July 1981. It endured for 18 months and sent unemployment up to 10.8% in November and December 1982, the highest level since the Great Depression.
In a statement Monday, former President Jimmy Carter, who had chosen Mr. Volcker to be Fed chairman, called him a 鈥済iant of public service.鈥�
鈥淧aul was as stubborn as he was tall, and although some of his policies as Fed chairman were politically costly, they were the right thing to do,鈥� Mr. Carter said.
In the early 1980s, Mr. Volcker was vilified by the public for having triggered a severe recession in order to curb runaway price increases. Home builders put postage stamps on bricks and on 2-by-4 wooden planks and mailed them to the Fed to protest how super-high interest rates had wrecked their businesses.
Auto dealers, stuck with lots full of unsold cars, did the same with car keys. Angry farmers, struggling with high debts, drove their tractors to Washington and blockaded the Fed鈥檚 headquarters.
One of the mailed 2-by-4s ended up with an enduring legacy at the Fed: David Wilcox, a young staffer under Mr. Volcker who later rose to direct the Fed's research and statistics division, said he received one of the 2-by-4s from Larry Slifman, a former senior economist in the division, and kept it on his desk until his retirement last year. Mr. Wilcox said he held onto it 鈥渁s a constant reminder of how vitally important it is that no major central bank ever lose control of inflation again, creating the need for someone like Volcker to do the incredibly courageous things he did.鈥�
David Jones, an economist and author of several books on the Fed, ranks Mr. Volcker above all other chairmen since World War II.
鈥淰olcker was transformative in terms of Fed policy," Mr. Jones said. 鈥淲e are still enjoying the benefits of his success."
By sticking with his policies in the face of ferocious opposition, Mr. Volcker implicitly asserted the Fed's independence from political and public interference. Throughout its history, the Fed has been seen as needing to operate independently in order to properly carry out its key functions of of maximizing employment and stabilizing prices. In the past three years, President Donald Trump has challenged that independence with his frequent attacks on the Fed and his demands that it cut rates more aggressively.
Once inflation was subdued, Mr. Volcker himself was privately pressured by President Ronald Reagan to lower rates faster than he wanted. James Baker, Treasury secretary during Mr.聽Reagan's second term in the late 1980s, chose supporters of lower rates to the Fed's governing board. This led to Mr.聽Volcker being outvoted on a rate decision in 1986, though his opponents backed down. News reports at the time said Mr.聽Volcker had threatened to resign.
鈥淚 had no doubt in my mind that Baker wanted to surround me with his appointees,鈥� Mr.聽Volcker said later in an oral history compiled by the Fed.
The pain of the recession he helped cause eventually produced the desired results: Inflation receded. Once it did, Mr.聽Volcker鈥檚 Fed began lowering interest rates. And the economy rebounded vigorously enough for President Ronald Reagan to declare the arrival of 鈥淢orning in America鈥欌�� on his way to a landslide victory in the 1984 presidential election. Mr.聽Volcker left the Fed in 1987, succeeded by Alan Greenspan.
The Volcker-led victory over inflation is widely credited with beginning what economists call the 鈥淕reat Moderation鈥欌�� 鈥� more than two decades of mostly steady economic growth, relatively low unemployment and modest price increases. The Great Moderation ended with the Great Recession of 2007-2009.
Mr.聽Volcker had spent most of his career in the public sector 鈥� at the Treasury Department, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and the Fed board in Washington.
A towering 6 foot 7 and perpetually rumpled, Mr.聽Volcker favored bad suits. John Connally, a slick Texan who was Mr.聽Volcker鈥檚 boss at the Treasury in the early 1970s, once threatened to fire him if he didn鈥檛 get a haircut and improve his wardrobe.
Despite his personal austerity, Mr.聽Volcker served in lucrative positions on Wall Street in between his stints in public service, including an early career at Chase Manhattan bank. He was chair of Wolfensohn & Co., an investment firm, from 1988 to 1996.
After leaving the Fed, Mr.聽Volcker took on assignments as a troubleshooter. He ran a commission to investigate what Swiss banks did with the assets of Holocaust victims during and after World War II. The United Nations assigned him to look into allegations of corruption in a United Nations program to provide food aid to Iraq.
Mr.聽Volcker received a bachelor's degree from Princeton University and a master's from Harvard. In 1951, he spent a year at the London School of Economics as a Rotary Foundation Fellow.
His survivors include his second wife, Anke Dening, and two children.
After the financial crisis of 2008, President Barack Obama recruited Mr.聽Volcker as an economic adviser. In that role, Mr.聽Volcker pressed for restrictions on banks鈥� ability to trade in financial markets with their own money, rather than their clients', and to invest in private equity and hedge funds.
The regulations, known as the 鈥淰olcker Rule,鈥欌�� were included in a far-reaching financial overhaul bill Congress passed in 2010. Mr.聽Volcker had little sympathy for big banks in the wake of the financial crisis, which required a taxpayer bailout of big Wall Street firms. He dismissed claims that deregulated financial institutions deserved credit for coming up with innovative products and services.
The only useful financial innovation he鈥檇 seen in years, he said, was the ATM.
This story was reported by The Associated Press.聽AP Economics Writer Martin Crutsinger contributed to this report.
