海角大神

Parents who sent their kids back to school this month have probably already heard a lot about听产耻濒濒测颈苍驳. Not necessarily because their children have encountered a bully, mind you, nor because school administrators suspect that Junior is a bully himself.听

No, they will have likely heard about bullying 鈥� and may have even read reports, signed pledges, watched awareness videos, and learned about new school rules听听鈥� because across the country 鈥渂耻濒濒测颈苍驳鈥� has become one the buzz-iest buzz words in education 鈥� maybe even in American public discourse overall. (Why else would the question of whether a teenage Mitt Romney was a bully become part of a presidential campaign? And the chair of the US House Foreign Relations Committee even recently called China a 鈥渂ully鈥� to its maritime neighbors. Take that, Beijing.)

RELATED: 5 bullying myths 鈥� what you don't know

But what鈥檚 actually going on with bullying in America?听

At听Modern Parenthood, we鈥檝e been following the daily flow of bullying-related news items from around the country. But we still have questions: How prevalent 鈥� honestly 鈥� is bullying in American schools? Has online bullying taken over the lives of teenagers? What should schools (and state legislators, for that matter) do to stop bullying? And while we鈥檙e at it, what鈥檚 the definition of bullying, anyhow?

Turns out the answers aren't as straight forward as you might think.

Over the past few weeks, we've been reaching out to child development experts, educators and bullying researchers to ask them about these issues. We鈥檝e checked out a number of academic studies on bullying, too. (And there are a听lot听of them.) In future posts, we鈥檒l share some of what we鈥檝e learned 鈥� about anti-bullying initiatives, anti-bullying laws, cyberbullying and various other aspects of what turns out to be a sprawling, complicated topic. (For a preview, check out our Top 5 Myths About Bullying.)

Here's the general picture:
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Almost everyone we interviewed agrees that bullying is a problem. As the American Academy of Pediatrics stated in its 2009 policy on youth violence prevention, there's a lot of research that connects bullying to other acts of violence, as well as depression, decreased physical health and long-term psychological challenges. Researchers who study bullying often note how surprised they are to interview adults who have crystal-clear, troubled recollections of incidents of bullying that took place decades earlier.

But the extent of that problem, and what to do about it, well ... that's another story.

There has been a significant cultural shift over the past decade in the way we view bullying. This, in and of itself, is not necessarily new: 听University of Massachusetts, Amherst Professor Laura Lovett points out that, historically, there have been a number of times 听public perception has changed about what is 鈥渘ormal鈥� for children. At the end of the 19th century, for instance, writers such as Charles Dickens and Thomas Hughes start questioning in their literary work the 鈥渟tandard鈥� child-on-child violence at boarding schools, she says, which helps lead to a new cultural sense of childhood as a time of life that should be protected.

But now, she speculates, we are听in a new phase: one in which people are听challenging the assumption that bullying is a "natural" part of schoolyard dynamics.

She also sees a move away from the old narrative of the听picked-on child finally coming of age by walloping the bully 鈥� something you've seen 听hundreds of times 听in movie and TV plots. (Think George McFly finally punching Biff Tannen in 鈥淏ack to the Future.")

Over the past few years, there has also been an explosion of anti-bullying laws, anti-bullying curriculums, bullying research, and anti-bullying films, as well as non-profits and support groups.

Advocates who have long听worked to raise awareness about the dangers and lasting impact of child-on-child cruelty say this new focus is a huge step forward.听Lovett tends to agree.

鈥淵oung people are more familiar with the term,鈥� she says. 鈥淎nd that means they鈥檙e more able to find ways to stop it.鈥�

But others warn that this anti-bullying sentiment is not so straight forward.

There听is widespread disagreement about听what听产耻濒濒测颈苍驳 actually is 鈥� and also about what to do about it. Some critics even wonder whether this explosion in attention 鈥� or hype, as they might say 鈥� is doing more harm than good, blurring the lines between normal developmental child conflict and bullying, tying up educational resources, and putting more pressure on schools to take action, any action, when there is little evidence about what policies encourage or discourage bullying.

(One related tidbit that we found interesting: Research has found that some anti-bullying initiatives, such as peer-to-peer mentoring, can actually听increase听the rate of reported bullying in a school.)

It鈥檚 easy to give lip service about having zero tolerance for bullying. But, some worry, when the term gets so broad it can lose meaning
Check out the variety of recent bullying-related news we've followed over the past months:

鈥� There's the controversy that breaks out after听a six-year-old boy suspended from school after 鈥渂耻濒濒测颈苍驳鈥� another student by singing her the lyrics of a popular song.

鈥� Officials in San Francisco want to hold a sort of bully summit to figure out ways to decrease truancy.

鈥� The defense attorney for听15-year-old Perry Hall High School student Robert W. Gladden Jr. quickly mentions "bullying" as an explanation for why his client brought a shotgun to his Maryland school鈥檚 cafeteria and started shooting.

鈥� The debate over whether it鈥檚 wise to have students across the country the movie听watch听 the movie, 鈥淏耻濒濒测,鈥� which details, among other things, the suicide of a 17-year-old bullying victim. Controversy erupts over whether the portrayal of the school and victim are accurate.

鈥� A bus monitor is allegedly "bullied" by the students she is supposed to be monitoring; the video of the taunting goes viral and the bus monitor receives $700,000 in donations.

听With such a wide scope of behaviors and resulting behaviors, how can lawmakers possibly hope to regulate bullying?

That's the topic of our next post: anti-bullying laws.听