海角大神

鈥淕host nets鈥� from unknown origins drift among the Pacific鈥檚 currents, threatening sea creatures and littering shorelines with the entangled remains of what they kill.

Lost or discarded at sea, sometimes decades ago, this fishing gear continues to wreak havoc on marine life and coral reefs in Hawaii.

Now, researchers are doing detective work to trace this harmful debris back to fisheries and manufacturers 鈥� and that takes extensive, in-depth analysis on tons of ghost nets.

The biggest concern is that derelict gear keeps killing fish and other wildlife such as endangered Hawaiian monk seals, seabirds, and turtles long after it鈥檚 gone adrift, said Drew McWhirter, a graduate student at Hawaii Pacific University and one of the study鈥檚 lead researchers.

鈥淭hese nets bulldoze over our reefs before they hit shore,鈥� Mr. McWhirter added. 鈥淭hey leave a path of destruction, pulling coral heads out, and can cause a lot of ecological damage.鈥�

Ghost nets foul oceans throughout the world, but the Hawaiian Islands 鈥� with the Great Pacific Garbage Patch to the east and another gyre of floating trash to the west 鈥� are an epicenter for marine waste.

Past efforts to identify origins of nets have proven difficult because debris comes from so many countries and nets have few, if any, unique identifying marks or features.

Experts believe many nets are lost accidentally, but boats occasionally ditch nets to avoid prosecution when fishing illegally. Other fishermen cut away portions of damaged nets instead of returning them to shore.

The ghost net study is being supervised by Hawaii Pacific University鈥檚 Center for Marine Debris Research co-director, Jennifer Lynch, a research biologist with the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

鈥淲e鈥檙e going to have a very challenging time ... trying to identify it back to its source,鈥� said Ms. Lynch. 鈥淎nd if we fail, ... that鈥檚 going to be increased evidence for policymakers to see the importance of gear marking and potentially bring those kinds of regulations to the front.鈥�

For Ms. Lynch, it鈥檚 not about pointing fingers. Rather, she hopes the study, which will be presented to the fishing industry first, will help develop new ways to prevent damage to the marine environment.

鈥淲e鈥檙e doing this study in a very forensic way where we鈥檙e gathering as much evidence as we possibly can so that we can present the best, most accurate story,鈥� Ms. Lynch said.

The crew gets ghost nets from three sources: The main Hawaiian Islands, the fishing grounds of the Hawaii longline tuna fleet that often snags nets 鈥� and the shores of the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, which are part of Papahanaumokuakea National Marine Monument.

An April cleanup expedition to Papahanaumokuakea 鈥� the largest protected environment in the United States and a UNESCO World Heritage Site 鈥� brought back nearly 50 tons of nets and other lost gear.

In a shed on the university鈥檚 campus, researchers pull apart bundles of fishing gear, noting the relationships between items. Then samples are taken to a lab for analysis.

鈥淲e only really need a small sample here to really understand how it鈥檚 constructed,鈥� said Raquel Corniuk, a research technician at the university.

Researchers look at about 70 different aspects of each piece of net, including its polymer types. 鈥淲e look at how it鈥檚 twisted. Is it twisted versus braided? We are trying to look at how many strands does it have, its twine diameter, mesh stretch size,鈥� Ms. Corniuk said.

The information is entered into a database, which will help scientists find patterns that could lead to manufacturers and eventually individual fisheries or nations.

The researchers have spent about a year collecting data and hope to have findings peer reviewed and published this year.

Among the ghost gear are fish aggregation devices or FADs 鈥� floating bundles of material fishing vessels leave in the ocean to attract fish. The devices have receivers linked to satellites, but when they drift outside designated fishing areas, they鈥檙e usually abandoned.

Mike Conroy, president of West Coast Fisheries Consultants, works with purse seine and gillnet operators off California. He said FADs are prohibited in United States waters and that fishers do everything they can to prevent loss of nets.

鈥淎n average one of those nets is going to run the operator somewhere between 150 and 250 grand,鈥� he said.

Mr. Conroy acknowledged ghost gear is a problem. 鈥淭hese types of research activities will point the finger in the right direction,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 think what you鈥檒l see is that West Coast fisheries probably aren鈥檛 contributing much.鈥�

The researchers have already found debris from all corners of the Pacific, including Asian countries and the U.S. West Coast.

Much of the ghost net problem lies with less developed nations that have few fishing regulations and sometimes buy or manufacture low-quality nets, according to a career fisherman who now works for a net manufacturer in Washington state.

鈥淭heir products tend to be weaker,鈥� said Brian Fujimoto, a sales executive for NET Systems Inc., in Bainbridge Island. 鈥淎nd if you look at the poly netting and ropes that you鈥檙e finding, they鈥檙e all very inexpensive stuff.鈥�

Mr. Fujimoto said his company uses technology, colors, and other construction techniques unique to their products, so they鈥檙e easily identifiable.

Making that an industry standard, he said, is 鈥渙nly going to happen with the more industrialized nations, say for example, the U.S., Canada, Japan.鈥�

Daniel Pauly, a marine biologist and professor at the University of British Columbia鈥檚 Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, said, 鈥淲e kill fish for fishing and for consumption, but these fish that are killed by lost gear are killed for no reason, not to mention the marine mammal and turtles and other animals that we like.鈥�

鈥淐lamping down on this loss, which is too easily accepted, ... is a good thing,鈥� added Mr. Pauly.

Jonathan Moore, principal assistant secretary of the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs at the U.S. State Department, said last year, 鈥淚llegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, which is sometimes associated with ghost gear, is among the greatest threats to the sustainable use of our shared ocean resource.鈥�

鈥淐ertainly, gear-marking guidelines and regulations should be a central pillar of all responsible fisheries management operations,鈥� he said.

Although U.S. and some international laws require identifying markers on some fishing gear, such as crab pots and buoys, nets are not required to be marked.

Officials with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration鈥檚 fisheries division declined to be interviewed for this story, but said in an email: 鈥淣OAA Fisheries is unaware of any regulations that have been, or are being considered, with regard to ghost nets. We continue to work agency-wide on this international marine debris problem.鈥�

This story was reported by The Associated Press.聽