Why is it so cold? Also, why is it so warm? Scientists explain.
It鈥檚 as if the world has been turned upside-down, or at least its weather. You can blame the increasingly familiar polar vortex, which has brought a taste of the Arctic to places where winter often requires no more than a jacket.
Around the North Pole, winter鈥檚 ultra-cold air is usually kept bottled up 15 to 30 miles high. That鈥檚 the polar vortex, which spins like a whirling top at the top of the planet. But occasionally something slams against the top, sending the cold air escaping from its Arctic home and heading south. It鈥檚 been happening more often, and scientists are still not completely sure why, but they suggest it鈥檚 a mix of natural random weather and human-caused climate change.
This particular polar vortex breakdown has been a whopper. Meteorologists call it one of the biggest, nastiest, and longest-lasting ones they鈥檝e seen, and they鈥檝e been watching since at least the 1950s. This week鈥檚 weather is part of a pattern stretching back to January.
鈥淚t鈥檚 been a major breakdown,鈥欌�� said Jennifer Francis, a climate scientist at the Woodwell Climate Research Center on Cape Cod. 鈥淚t really is the cause of all of these crazy weather events in the Northern Hemisphere.鈥�
鈥淚t鈥檚 been unusual for a few weeks now 鈥� very, very crazy,鈥� Ms. Francis said. 鈥淭otally topsy-turvy.鈥�
Record cold in warmer places聽
Record subzero temperatures in Texas and Oklahoma knocked millions off the power grid and into deep freezes. A deadly tornado hit North Carolina. Other parts of the South saw thunder, snow, and reports of something that seemed like a snow tornado but wasn鈥檛. Snow fell hard not just in Chicago, but in Greece and Turkey, where it鈥檚 far less normal. Record cold also hit Europe this winter, earning the name the 鈥淏east from the East.鈥�
The worst power outages in the United States were聽in Texas, affecting more than 2 million homes and businesses. More than 250,000 people also lost power across parts of Appalachia, and another 200,000 were without electricity following an ice storm in northwest Oregon, according to poweroutage.us, which tracks utility outage reports. Four million people聽lost power in Mexico.
In Chicago, a foot and a half of new snow forced public schools to cancel in-person classes for Tuesday. Hours earlier, along the normally balmy Gulf of Mexico, cross-country skiier Sam Fagg hit fresh powder on the beach in Galveston, Texas.
鈥淲e鈥檝e had everything you could possibly think of in the past week,鈥� said Northern Illinois University meteorology professor Victor Gensini, noting that parts of the United States have been 50 degrees colder than normal. 鈥淚t鈥檚 been a wild ride.鈥�
It was warmer Tuesday in parts of Greenland, Alaska, Norway, and Sweden than in Texas and Oklahoma. And somehow people in South Florida have been complaining about record warmth that is causing plants to bloom early.
In the eastern Greenland town of Tasiilaq, it鈥檚 been about 18 degrees warmer than normal, which 鈥渋s a bit of a nuisance,鈥� said Lars Rasmussen, a museum curator at the local cultural center. 鈥淭he warm weather makes dog sledding and driving on snow scooters a bit of a hassle.鈥�
Several meteorologists squarely blamed the polar vortex breakdown or disruption.
These used to happen once every other year or so, but research shows they are now close to happening yearly, if not more, said Judah Cohen, a winter storm expert for Atmospheric Environmental Research, a commercial firm outside of Boston.
The spinning top gets toppled聽
The polar vortex spends winter in its normal place until an atmospheric wave 鈥� the type that brings weather patterns here and there 鈥� slams into it. Normally such waves don鈥檛 do much to the strong vortex, but occasionally the wave has enough energy to push the spinning top over, and that鈥檚 when the frigid air breaks loose, Mr. Gensini said.
Sometimes, the cold air mass splits into chunks 鈥� an event that usually is connected to big snowstorms in the eastern U.S., like a few weeks ago. Other times, it just moves to a new place, which often means bitter cold in parts of Europe. This time it did both, Mr. Cohen said.
There was a split of the vortex in early January and another in mid-January. Then at the end of January came the displacement that caused cold air to spill into Europe and much of the United States, Mr. Cohen said.
Both Mr. Cohen and Ms. Francis said this should be considered not one but three polar vortex disruptions, though some scientists lump it all together.
While both the vortex and the wave that bumped it are natural, and polar vortex breakdowns happen naturally, there is likely an element of climate change at work, but it is not a sure thing that science agrees on, Mr. Cohen, Mr. Gensini, and Ms. Francis said.
Warming in the Arctic, with shrinking sea ice, is goosing the atmospheric wave in two places, giving it more energy when it strikes the polar vortex, making it more likely to disrupt the vortex, Mr. Cohen said.
鈥淭here is evidence that climate change can weaken the polar vortex, which allows more chances for frigid Arctic air to ooze into the Lower 48,鈥� said University of Georgia meteorology professor Marshall Shepherd.
Pattern has been observed for decades聽
There were strong polar vortex disruptions and cold outbreaks like this in the 1980s, Mr. Cohen said.
鈥淚 think it鈥檚 historic and generational,鈥� Mr. Cohen said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think it鈥檚 unprecedented. This Arctic outbreak has to be thought of in context. The globe is much warmer than it used to be.鈥�
It also feels colder because just before the outbreak, much of the聽United States was experiencing a milder-than-normal winter, with the ground not even frozen on Christmas Day in Chicago, Mr. Gensini said.
The globe as a whole is about the same temperature as the average was from 1979 to 2000 for this time of year, according to the University of Maine鈥檚 Climate Reanalyzer. That鈥檚 still warmer than the 20th century average, and scientists don鈥檛 think that this month has much of a chance to be colder than the 20th century average for the globe, something that hasn鈥檛 happened since the early 1980s.
One reason is that it will soon warm back up to normal when the polar vortex returns to its regular home, Mr. Cohen said.
As for people thinking this cold outbreak disproves global warming, scientists say that鈥檚 definitely not so.
Even with climate change, 鈥渨e鈥檒l still have winter,鈥� said North Carolina state climatologist Kathie Dello. 鈥淲hat we鈥檙e seeing here is we鈥檙e pretty unprepared for almost every type of extreme weather. It鈥檚 pretty sad.鈥�
This story was reported by the Associated Press.聽
