海角大神

Climate activists too radical? They point to suffragettes as a comparison.

For members of German-Austrian climate activist group Last Generation, the stakes could not be higher.

鈥淚t鈥檚 the climate crisis that is hurting people, that鈥檚 endangering lives,鈥� says member and university student Zoe R眉ge. She鈥檚 shocked by society鈥檚 blas茅 attitude toward climate change, and says leaders have two to three years before certain tipping points make it impossible to meet the 1.5-degree Celsius global warming limit set by the Paris agreement.聽

To draw society鈥檚 attention to the issue, the group has staged disruptive protests, usually by gluing themselves to roads and tarmacs. In October, members halted traffic on a major Berlin highway, which ended up blocking a rescue vehicle whose patient later died. In November, they paralyzed operations at Berlin鈥檚 airport, diverting more than a dozen flights and affecting nearly 4,000 passengers.

Politicians and citizens alike have called out Last Generation for being irritating, reckless, or even criminal. In one survey, 86% of German respondents said the group鈥檚 actions are hurting the climate cause.

But are they really ineffective? Their tactics may not be earning public plaudits, but Last Generation is drawing on a tradition that has been used for moral crusades past聽鈥� including ones remembered favorably today, like the campaign to earn women the right to vote in Britain, which was waged, often violently, by the suffragettes. And climate activists like Lost Generation are willing to use a similar strategy today.

鈥淸Suffragettes] were also treated very harshly, and they also heard arguments that it isn鈥檛 democratic what they鈥檙e doing 鈥� that no one 鈥榲oted鈥� for the right to vote,鈥� says Ms. R眉ge. 鈥淏ut they started the change. I can vote in a few weeks in Germany.鈥�

鈥淗istory shows that civil disobedience can work, although it鈥檚 unpopular. Whether this [climate activism] will work, no one knows,鈥� says Reinhard Steurer, a professor of climate politics at Vienna鈥檚 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences. 鈥淲e don鈥檛 have the mass protests anymore, because society is fed up with the climate crisis and wants to be left alone. So you can either put your head into the sand, or try other things, and that鈥檚 what these small groups are doing. They鈥檙e trying to wake up society.鈥�

Deeds, not words

It鈥檚 been about a century since women earned the right to vote in the United Kingdom.

In pursuit of that right, the suffragettes, mostly middle-class women, went on hunger strikes, broke windows, and chained themselves to public property. They used pipe, fire, and letter bombs to attack train stations and churches, and even attempted an assassination of a magistrate. One suffragette famously slashed Velasquez鈥檚 Rokeby Venus painting as it hung in London鈥檚 National Gallery, and another died after running onto a derby racetrack and colliding with a horse.

The suffragettes largely committed to harming property, not people, though their tactics grew more violent as time wore on, leading to fractures over approach. Some women preferred peaceful methods, while others such as suffrage leader Emmeline Pankhurst grew increasingly militant with their famous 鈥渄eeds, not words鈥� approach, says Maria DiCenzo, a professor of feminist media at Wilfrid Laurier University.

鈥淭here was an escalation with the increasing frustration when it became clear parliamentary bills were set up with no intention of passing them,鈥� says Dr. DiCenzo. 鈥淚n spirit [the climate movement] has been very similar. You know, we鈥檙e tired of talking, tired of lobbying. We have to be much more disruptive in order to get attention. 鈥楤etter broken windows than broken promises.鈥欌��

Today鈥檚 climate activists insist on nonviolence, though they are coming into increasing conflict with state authorities. Ultimately their success will depend on their public resonance, says Dr. DiCenzo.

鈥淲hatever tactics a social movement engages in, they do have to communicate in order to be effective,鈥� she says. 鈥淎lienating and angering people who might, in fact, be sympathetic in other ways, is counterproductive. That certainly was the case historically.鈥�

Analysts note that some climate activists鈥� actions seem to have little to do with their goals, which can confuse the public. When Last Generation wanted a law to minimize food waste, they blocked roads. 鈥淚f you鈥檙e a driver going to work, it鈥檚 not clear what this has to do with the wasting of food,鈥� says Dieter Rucht, a social movements scholar at the Social Science Research Center in Berlin.

The Last Generation鈥檚 proposals are also relatively naive, says Dr. Rucht. One asks the government to execute environmental action plans of a council of citizens chosen by lottery, essentially requiring politicians to commit to such plans before they even know what they are. 鈥淚n my view, this is not compatible with the conventional understanding of democracy based on formal voting and broad participation.鈥�

Does disruption effect change?

Historians today debate the suffragettes鈥� contribution to getting women the vote. Did their violent disruptions lead to voting rights, or did they delay something that was inevitable? After all, women earned full voting rights in 1928 in the U.K., around the same time as women in other countries including Holland, Germany, and Austria.

鈥淲as the vote granted as a reward for the women鈥檚 [World War I] effort?鈥� says Dr. DiCenzo, referring to the suffragettes鈥� shift in tactics during the war from disobedience to supporting the war effort. For her part, Dr. DiCenzo thinks suffragettes did help bring about the granting of partial voting rights in 1918. 鈥淗istorians deal with this question all the time. It鈥檚 impossible to ever resolve that question because the factors were so complex.鈥�

The climate activists鈥� effect on society is no less difficult to determine, especially because the various groups continue to evolve. The U.K.-based Extinction Rebellion is trying to reach broader swaths of society, and in January declared they鈥檇 stop their radical acts of disobedience, which at one point included camps of mass protest at a number of major London intersections, ultimately costing the metropolitan police tens of millions of pounds.

Meanwhile, other groups promised to move from civil disobedience into more militant 鈥渃ivil resistance.鈥� The U.K.-based Just Stop Oil, known for throwing tomato soup on Van Gogh鈥檚 鈥淪unflowers鈥� at the National Gallery, promised to ramp up their actions. They鈥檝e disrupted operations at oil terminals in the name of stopping fossil fuel production, and proudly claimed its supporters have been arrested roughly 2,000 times.

And some could radicalize further, Dr. Rucht warns, as the public becomes increasingly turned off by their tactics. He has already noticed small violations of the 鈥済olden rules鈥� of civil disobedience. 鈥淥ne of those rules is you present your identity,鈥� he says. 鈥淵ou don鈥檛 hide: 鈥楾his is my name, this is my face, and this is why I鈥檓 here.鈥� But some cover their faces and put glue on fingertips to hide identities.鈥�

鈥淥ne trend is a radicalization of certain groups,鈥� he says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a very heterogeneous movement. You cannot rule out what people 鈥� including crazy people 鈥� might do one or two years from now.鈥�

But for those who support the activists鈥� desire to publicize the threat of climate change, a certain amount of disruption is to be expected.

鈥淥f course people get mad at them, of course they disrupt, they anger,鈥� says Helga Kromp-Kolb, a meteorology professor at Vienna鈥檚 University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences. 鈥淏ut that鈥檚 how you start a movement in society. We scientists have been trying to do this for 30 years, telling people that we must do something about climate change. It hasn鈥檛 had any real effect.鈥�