海角大神

A corner of Moscow fights to keep history from being built over, literally

For the past two decades, the technocratic leadership of Moscow has remade the face of the city under development priorities set by a partnership between big business and the authorities. And while that has resulted in many widely acknowledged achievements, officials have moved ahead without paying much attention to public input.

Activists now want that to change, and the battle over the Badaevskiy Beer Plant could be the moment.

A coalition of small-business people, local residents, and newly elected opposition deputies of the Moscow City Council is uniting to stop a mega-development project in a picturesque corner of central Moscow, whose plan calls for building a vast luxury housing complex on stilts atop a rare and protected gem of 19th-century industrial architecture. It鈥檚 the sort of apolitical, grassroots civic movement that may be familiar in the West, but is new 鈥� if seen with increasing frequency 鈥� in Russia today.

The $750 million project by one of Moscow鈥檚 biggest developers, Capital Group, is , and is the design of a noted Swiss architectural bureau. It has already excited plenty of controversy on its architectural merits since being made public last year. But the plan to eclipse a beloved historical monument, the聽Badaevskiy plant, under a forest of columns that will hold up huge apartment blocks has also annoyed local residents and elicited angry responses from historical preservationists.

Despite the company鈥檚 suggestion, repeated , that the site is largely derelict, it does currently house more than 50 thriving small businesses, including restaurants, art galleries, sports clubs, and shops that employ hundreds of people. All of them signed long-term leases with the property鈥檚 owners in recent years, and some have spent millions of dollars restoring large sections of the old factory.

But over the summer they all received eviction notices ordering them to leave by Oct. 15, without compensation. The developer鈥檚 agents cite a clause in the fine print of their leases enabling this measure, and are threatening to switch off the heat and electricity to the complex for those who refuse to comply. The small-business holders are up in arms.

鈥淲e won鈥檛 leave,鈥� says Oksana Skolotina, owner of the Mayer Art Gallery, who also holds leases to other parts of the former factory. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not just about all the money we have invested here. We are struggling against arbitrary decisions made by big business and the authorities working hand in glove. ... We have a unique chance to turn this around, and we will be using every possible means, from court challenges to petitions to protests to stop this.鈥�

鈥淲e are dealing with a whole system鈥�

The developer, which has not yet completed the formal process of getting permission to proceed with the project, appears to be in a great hurry to force the existing tenants out of the property as quickly as possible. Ms. Skolotina says that negotiations with the company鈥檚 agents, in which tenants begged for a one-year extension so they might recoup some of their investments, were summarily brushed aside.

Most say this could not be happening if top officials in the Moscow government had not tacitly assured the Capital Group that getting final approval for the project would be a mere formality. But that was before聽 of the Sept. 8 Moscow elections, which saw opposition candidates win nearly half of the city council鈥檚 45 seats. Though the council has little actual power, the status of a city deputy provides an important public pulpit, as well as the right to view official documents and ask the government hard questions.

District 42, which contains the聽Badaevskiy plant, is a mainly middle-class downtown area centered around the avenue of Kutuzovsky Prospekt, which has reliably elected pro-government deputies in the past. But after a summer of angry middle-class protests against electoral manipulations by the Moscow government, local residents came out on Sept. 8 to vote for anyone except a candidate associated with the pro-Kremlin United Russia party. They overwhelmingly elected Ekaterina Engalycheva, an outspoken and dynamic young Communist who, as a district councilperson in recent years, has cut her teeth on sometimes successful opposition to big-business encroachments on Moscow鈥檚 historic neighborhoods.

鈥淭his is not just about the聽Badaevskiy plant. We are dealing with a whole system, in which endless constructions are causing conflicts all over the city,鈥� says Ms. Engalycheva. 鈥淟ook at this聽Badaevskiy project. They want to disrupt this neighborhood with a thicket of 35-meter-high legs with ugly, big housing units on top. Small businesses have just put the聽Badaevskiy territory into order, and now they are being told they must leave, without any remuneration for their losses. In light of the government鈥檚 constant claims that it wants to support small business, this looks bizarre at the least,鈥� she says.

鈥淭his place is not a wasteland鈥�

The聽Badaevskiy Beer Plant was built in several stages beginning in 1875, and are still on the city鈥檚 list of protected architectural monuments. The brewery itself was finally closed down in 2005. The state owns the land, and the owners of the building who granted long-term leases to the currently besieged tenants are mostly unknown, represented by a hired agency. Most admit that their leases contain a clause entitling the agency to evict them in the event of a major construction project.

But at least one tenant, Mikhail Semyonov, who has created a popular art cafe on the territory, insists that his lease 鈥� good until 2023 鈥� contains no such clause.

鈥淭he owners clearly knew that a big housing project was in the works here, but they decided to rent out the premises to small businesses to make some money in the meantime,鈥� says Mr. Semyonov. 鈥淎s soon as people settled in and renovated the premises, they decided they needed the territory. I think this represents a real abuse, and maybe fraud.鈥�

The Capital Group鈥檚 project to renovate the three protected buildings 鈥� while demolishing the rest 鈥� and hand them over to new businesses, including a microbrewery to preserve some semblance of historical continuity.

In an unsigned statement in response to questions from the Monitor, Capital Group lauded the Swiss design as a constructive way to save the old buildings while creating a modern, green, and publicly accessible space in a long-neglected corner of the city. It made no direct reference to the site鈥檚 current tenants or the imminent threat of eviction facing them. 鈥淎ny project with outstanding architecture will inevitably find both supporters and critics,鈥� it says. 鈥淎nd this project to redevelop the聽Badaevskiy plant is really unique.鈥�

The main objection of architectural critics is that the vast housing-complex-on-stilts will obscure and dwarf the remaining structures, while totally changing the district鈥檚 traditional look. Some also warn that local infrastructure is not designed to handle a huge increase in inhabitants, especially given the traffic jams that already clog Kutuzovsky Prospekt on most days.

鈥淭here are laws to protect this plant, but under pressure of an omnipotent investor, Capital Group, the number of protected objects on this territory has already been considerably reduced,鈥� says Natalia Dushkina, a professor at the Moscow Architectural Institute.

鈥淭he desire to have spectacular architectural creations on the Moscow skyline has apparently prevailed. But there are a lot of questions about the experts who took part in this process. The way they have treated these historical buildings is a direct violation of ethics, at the very least. The project itself is really weird. The plant, or whatever will be left of it, will be lost somewhere amid all those huge legs holding up big apartment blocks,鈥� she says.

Many of the tenants say they are preparing for a battle.

鈥淲e are bringing photographers, public figures, and journalists here to show them that this place is not a wasteland, but a living space filled with cultural life and community activity,鈥� says Ms. Skolotina, the art gallery director. 鈥淲e are organizing petitions, letter-writing campaigns, flash mobs, and if it comes to that, we will stage pickets. We鈥檙e not going to leave. We will fight.鈥�