In N. Korea nuclear talks, what about human rights?
Photo sheets of the North Korean refugees helped by the North Korea Refugees Human Rights Association are displayed in Seoul, South Korea, June 11.
Josh Smith/Reuters
Seoul, South Korea
Young-jun Park recalls life in North Korea as defined by deprivation. Food shortages that wrought starvation. The lack of health care that brought more death. The absence of opportunity as the state forced workers into jobs with inhumane conditions.
The teenager foresaw a future bereft of hope. So when his father died a decade ago, in part because of inadequate medical care, Mr. Park, along with his mother and younger sister, decided to risk death to escape to South Korea. The trio feared arrest and potential execution less than living under the yoke of a totalitarian regime.
After slipping first into China, Mr. Park and his family eventually found their way to Seoul. In the ensuing years, he finished high school and graduated college, and he now works at a nonprofit funded by the South Korean government that assists North Korean refugees.
Why We Wrote This
North Korea鈥檚 abysmal lack of human rights is more than an abstraction to South Koreans with family on the other side. But leaders face a troubling dilemma: To pursue peace with Pyongyang, do they have to ignore its abuses?
鈥淣orth Koreans are struggling so much,鈥� he says. 鈥淭he real face of North Korea is not the extravagant life in Pyongyang you see through its government media.鈥�
Recent reports from and the confirm that a thriving North Korea exists only in propaganda promoted by President Kim Jong Un. Yet as U.S. and South Korean officials seek to persuade him to halt North Korea鈥檚 nuclear weapons program, they have seldom broached the issue of human rights. The omission from advocates as much for the proximity and shared history of the countries as for South Korean President Moon Jae-in鈥檚 background as a human rights lawyer.
South Korean leaders insist they understand the depth of need across the border and earlier this month approved sending $8 million in food aid to North Korea through international relief agencies. At the same time, Chung-in Moon, a special adviser to President Moon, asserts that pushing human rights to the fore would sink negotiations 鈥� and perhaps the best chance to normalize relations between the countries and ease the plight of North Koreans.
鈥淵ou can鈥檛 raise human rights with North Korea. If you do, they won鈥檛 listen after that,鈥� Chung-in Moon says. He views defusing the nuclear threat as a necessary first step. 鈥淥nce we solve that, then we can address the issue of human rights, and North Korea will be more open to doing its part.鈥�
President Donald Trump will meet with President Moon in Seoul later in June to discuss reviving talks with North Korea, which collapsed after the U.S. leader鈥檚 second summit with Mr. Kim earlier this year in Hanoi, Vietnam. Brad Adams, executive director of the Asia division for Human Rights Watch, considers the silence from U.S. and South Korean officials on North Korea鈥檚 living conditions a form of abandonment.
鈥淎 nuclear deal might be good for the rest of the world,鈥� he says. 鈥淏ut it won鈥檛 change the lives of the North Korean people one bit.鈥�
鈥楢 long way to go鈥�
The reports from Human Rights Watch and the U.N. show that little progress on human rights has occurred in North Korea since Mr. Park fled in 2009, or in the five years since found that its government had committed 鈥渁 wide array of crimes against humanity.鈥�
The state-imposed violations include forced labor for adults and students, torture and execution of political prisoners, and pervasive abuse of women, children, and people with disabilities. Civil liberties enshrined in the country鈥檚 constitution 鈥� freedom of speech, religion, and the press 鈥� remain a mirage.
The funneling of state resources into weapons programs, coupled with a poor harvest season and, has created for some 10 million North Koreans, 40% of the population. Human rights advocates warn of a recurrence of the mid-1990s famine that killed as many as 3 million people if conditions fail to improve.
Weeks before the Hanoi summit in February, the U.N. human rights envoy to North Korea, Tom谩s Ojea Quintana, suggested that the focus on ending the country鈥檚 nuclear program has obscured the suffering of its people.
鈥淭he fact is that with all the positive developments the world has witnessed in the past year, it is all the more regrettable that the reality for human rights on the ground remains unchanged and continues to be extremely serious,鈥�.
An estimated 30,000 North Korean refugees live in South Korea, according to the Korea Hana Foundation, where Mr. Park works. Under Mr. Kim, who has tightened border security since taking power in 2011, the annual number of people escaping to the south has dropped by more than half, to less than 1,200 last year.
North Korea has enlisted China鈥檚 help to stop the flow of refugees 鈥� the Chinese government sends back defectors as a matter of policy 鈥� and those arrested face punishment ranging from indefinite prison terms to the death penalty. Even so, desperate to find freedom, thousands attempt to flee every year.
鈥淭hey know there鈥檚 no future in North Korea,鈥� says Gyoung-bin Ko, president of the Hana Foundation. 鈥淭hey want to give a better life to their children.鈥�
The organization, established by South Korea鈥檚 Ministry of Unification in 2010, provides an array of resettlement services to refugees. Mindful of the ministry鈥檚 oversight, Mr. Ko demurs on the subject of whether government officials should press Mr. Kim on human rights. He says simply, 鈥淲e have a long way to go.鈥�
A desire to help
The demilitarized zone that splits the Korean peninsula at the 38th parallel bisects the South Korean province of Gangwon and the North Korean province of Kangwon. The two provinces were one before the Korean War, and a sense of compassion and a spirit of cooperation still bridge the divide.
In the aftermath of heavy flooding in Kangwon last summer, Gangwon officials sent food, supplies, and other humanitarian aid to their neighboring province. The provinces have organized sports and cultural exchanges and joined forces to build a salmon hatchery in Kangwon, and the 2018 Winter Olympics in Gangwon Province鈥檚 Pyeongchang County deepened the cross-border ties.
Working with their Kangwon counterparts has given Gangwon officials a greater awareness of the urgent needs of North Koreans, and a tantalizing glimpse of how normalized relations could alleviate their circumstances.
鈥淧eople in Gangwon have more of an understanding of the conditions on the other side,鈥� says Lee Gyeong Seon, a provincial spokeswoman. 鈥淧eople here want to help.鈥�
The same kind of collaboration could flourish on the national level if Pyongyang ceases pursuit of a nuclear weapon, contends Spencer Kim, co-founder of the, a nonprofit policy and research firm that works with countries throughout Asia.
鈥淧eace will mean the end of sanctions and bring outside investment,鈥� he says. 鈥淭hat will be the biggest driver of human rights.鈥�
The optimism of that rationale contrasts with the reality of the missile tests that Mr. Kim has conducted since the Hanoi summit and reports that he may have ordered the execution of one or more members of his negotiating team.
As diplomatic efforts continue, Kim Ick Sun prays for the people of his homeland. A retired teacher who lives in Sokcho, a coastal village in Gangwon, he fled North Korea in 1950 soon after the war began.
Mr. Sun regards the issue of human rights as a matter more of the heart than the mind, and almost 70 years after his escape, he clings to a singular hope. 鈥淚 am longing for peace,鈥� he says.
Reporting for this story was made possible by a travel fellowship provided through the East-West Center.