海角大神

In polarizing election, Peru hears echoes of the past

Peruvian voters face a stark choice when they cast their ballots in the June 6 presidential runoff between a left-wing rural school teacher and the daughter of a right-wing imprisoned president. Analysts worry the sharp divisions emerging in this neck-and-neck campaign could spell a bumpy road ahead for Peru, regardless of the victor.听

The campaign has dredged up the country鈥檚 troubled history of corruption, inequality, and terrorism, creating an eery feeling of d茅j脿 vu from one of Peru鈥檚 most turbulent modern periods. That sense of unease has been supercharged by the pandemic, which has exposed government failures to improve social services, despite two decades of economic growth.

Throughout the 1980s and 鈥�90s, Peru suffered both guerrilla warfare and government-backed human rights abuses, in attempts to control the violence. A Truth and Reconciliation Commission reported in 2003 that nearly 70,000 people died or disappeared in political violence, with two Marxist guerrilla groups responsible for half those deaths听鈥� primarily, the Shining Path. Just last month the Shining Path was blamed for the massacre of 16 people in Peru鈥檚 central jungle. Stereotypes still link leftists with the nation鈥檚 violent past, and Keiko Fujimori, the candidate on the right, hints that terrorism would come surging back if her opponent wins. Candidate Pedro Castillo, on the left, says his opponent is little more than a corrupt crime boss, ready to line the pockets of wealthy people at the expense of poor people.

The name-calling and imagery of the past听not only spark fear on both sides, but has observers increasingly worried that polarization could deepen Peru鈥檚 more recent political crisis. The past few years have seen a revolving-door presidency, and if it continued, would make healing divides all the more difficult.

鈥淭he polarization is so extreme that people will end up voting for the candidate who scares them less. ... [It] could create even more instability,鈥� says Luis Benavente, executive director of Vox Populi Consultor铆a, a consulting and polling firm in Lima.

In-and-out presidents

Peru鈥檚 politics have been in disarray for years. Of the country鈥檚 most recent democratically elected presidents, Alberto Fujimori 鈥� Ms. Fujimori鈥檚 father听鈥� is in jail for human rights violations, and two are under house arrest for corruption. One ex-president is waiting to stand trial on a money laundering case, and a fifth, Alan Garc铆a, killed himself in 2019听to avoid arrest in a corruption investigation.

Last fall, Peru had three presidents over the course of one week. Former President Mart铆n Vizcarra was impeached and his successor lasted only a few days, forced out after pro-democracy rallies. Interim President Francisco Sagasti took office last November, with his term slated to expire at the end of July. Still, Congress has held two censure votes to oust him, the last one in early May.

Supreme Court judges, members of Congress, mayors, governors, and even Ms. Fujimori have been jailed in corruption investigations. She鈥檚 alleged to have received more than $17 million in undeclared contributions during her 2011 presidential run, charges she calls political persecution.

The pandemic has made corruption all the more real for Peruvians. Hospitals lacked听beds and oxygen when COVID-19 arrived, despite administrations鈥� assertions听that investment in health and social services was strong. Remote students and workers struggled with patchy telecom infrastructure, and in-person classes听aren鈥檛 expected to resume until March 2022.

Public frustration was spurred, in part, by the idea that 20 years of growth had supposedly established a robust middle class. Yet over the past year, poverty levels increased to 30%, and unemployment more than doubled, remaining above 15%. Inequality, which听fueled much of the insurgency of the 1980s and 鈥�90s, has worsened. And听more than 180,000 Peruvians have died of COVID-19, the highest death听rate in the world.

The Castillo and Fujimori campaigns have different ideas about dealing with the pandemic 鈥� and just about everything else 鈥� but key messages about growing the economy, and improving public services like education and water, have been lost in the sea of political attacks.

The lack of focus on the content of each candidate鈥檚 platform could have long-term consequences, says Giovanna Pe帽aflor Guerra, a political analyst who runs the Imasen marketing firm.

鈥淲hat concerns me is that people could come to the conclusion that things won鈥檛 change with elections,鈥� she says. That could lead to less political participation 鈥� and less faith in democracy as a whole.

Mr. Castillo proposes increasing the role of the state in the economy, giving it a much bigger role in natural resource extraction, energy production, and industry. His government says it would negotiate higher taxes for mining and other sectors, like electricity. He rejects allegations his government would confiscate private property.

Ms. Fujimori would also like more revenue from natural resources, but her plan calls for voluntary contributions. She says she would expand social programs and ramp up infrastructure, paying for programs with more thorough tax collection, not higher taxes.

More political battles ahead?听

The tone of the campaign has split the electorate. Ms. Fujimori鈥檚 backers worry听that a Castillo victory would make Peru look more like crisis-ridden Venezuela. Mr. Castillo鈥檚 supporters worry Ms. Fujimori鈥檚 embrace of the status quo would mean continued听corruption 鈥� and possibly a throwback to听her father鈥檚听authoritarianism.

A recent poll by the firm CPI has Ms. Fujimori leading by double-digits in Lima. But Mr. Castillo is up, and by huge margins, in other zones, with close to 80% support in the southern and central highlands. Gonzalo Banda, who teaches political science in the southern city of Arequipa, says the groundswell of support for Mr. Castillo is linked to an undercurrent of racism and classism in the election.

鈥淧eople voting for Castillo feel as though the attacks against him [and] the way he speaks or dresses, are [reflective of] the way they are often treated,鈥� Mr. Banda says. Mr. Castillo typically dons an oversize cowboy hat and has arrived at campaign events on horseback. 鈥淭hey say he is ridiculed for not what he says, but how he says it.鈥�

That鈥檚 why Hugo Gonz谩lez, a small-business owner in Arequipa, is in Mr. Castillo鈥檚 camp. 鈥淚鈥檓 voting for Castillo not for his policies, but because he has been mistreated by the people with power,鈥� he says.

But for Fernando Ch谩vez, a sales executive in Lima, a vote for Ms. Fujimori is a way to rise above divisive messaging. He says he will vote for her simply in order to stop Mr. Castillo, someone who he says represents a return to past, failed ideas. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 want Peru to be the next Cuba or Venezuela. Castillo鈥檚 message is one of division,鈥� he says.

The polarization of this election could create gridlock just as the country is emerging from the second wave of the pandemic, says听Fernando Tuesta Soldevilla, a political science professor in Lima.听

鈥淚 fear that the loser may not accept the results if they are close. The polarization has reached levels of irresponsibility,鈥� he says.

The best outcome would be a clear victory by either听candidate, says Mr. Benavente. And, while they might not like it, the losing team needs to promptly recognize the winning ticket.

If not, he says foreign investment will likely diminish and unemployment will remain high. He and other pollsters caution that a protracted fight, with cries of fraud, could even affect the COVID-19 vaccination effort that is just starting to show results.

鈥淭he next government takes over with the coffers empty, but with a need to spend on the pandemic and reactivation [of the economy],鈥� Mr. Benavente says.

鈥淭his will not happen if the political battles continue after the voting.鈥�