海角大神

Missing Indigenous women: Activists spur a reckoning

Eugenia Charles-Newton could still be missing.聽

Instead, she鈥檚 sitting at her desk in the chamber of the Navajo Nation Council. On a hot March afternoon, the chamber is cool and silent 鈥� as silent as she had been for decades.

It鈥檚 been about six months since she began talking publicly about her disappearance more than 20 years ago, when she was just a teenager. It hasn鈥檛 gotten any easier.

鈥淚t felt like, like it wasn鈥檛 real,鈥� she recalls, falteringly. 鈥淏ut it was. I mean, it was real.鈥�

The first thing she remembers noticing, after regaining consciousness, was how cold the ground was. It didn鈥檛 make sense. After all, it felt as if only moments before she had been at a flea market on a bright, hot summer day. Now, darkness surrounded her. She could kind of make out a roof overhead. She wondered if she was dreaming.

She felt groggy. She couldn鈥檛 move. She slipped in and out of consciousness, the passage of time marked by the cycle of sunlight and cold night air seeping through cracks in the wall.

She had been held for several days, she discovered later. During that time, she said at a meeting of the Navajo Nation Council last September, she had been beaten and raped repeatedly by a man from the reservation.聽

鈥淎nd ... nobody came looking for me,鈥� she is saying now. 鈥淣obody came out.鈥�

She pauses to lift her glasses and wipe tears from her eyes. Her phone vibrates on the table, but she ignores it. She is silent for almost a minute.

鈥淚t wasn鈥檛 that my family didn鈥檛 love me; it was because the police told them it was going to be OK,鈥� she says. 鈥淭hey believed what the police would tell them. And [the police] never came out, they never ...鈥� Her voice trails off.

The story that Ms. Charles-Newton recounts illustrates a searing problem that has wracked Native families from Canada to the United States for decades 鈥� the killing or disappearance of Indigenous people.

To this day, Native people 鈥� particularly Native women 鈥� go missing and are killed at far higher rates than other ethnic groups, and their cases are often never solved.聽

No one single cause lies behind the crisis. Law enforcement agencies are understaffed. Government assistance has been limited, and jurisdictional issues over who handles cases slow and complicate investigations. Social and cultural impediments add to the problems, as do widespread poverty, unemployment, and substance abuse on Native lands.

Yet today the missing and murdered Indigenous peoples (MMIP) movement is attracting new attention. Federal and state governments are pouring more resources into solving and preventing cases, while grassroots campaigns 鈥� often pioneered by victims and their families, and fueled by social media 鈥� are bringing concerted action in communities across tribal lands.聽

That includes here in Navajo Nation, an area larger than Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire combined 鈥� vast swaths of which are uninhabited. People here have gone missing simply trying to walk home at night.

With the rising voices of activists like Ms. Charles-Newton, people are hoping that happens with less frequency. She has become one of the tribe鈥檚 leading advocates, trying to raise awareness about the number of Navajo people who have disappeared or been killed, a cause aided by her position as one of 24 district delegates on the tribal council.聽

鈥淚n my heart I want to believe that nobody is ever going to have to go through what I went through, that one day it鈥檚 just all going to stop,鈥� says Ms. Charles-Newton. 鈥淚 know that it鈥檚 going to be a long time before something like that happens. But at the same time, I think that there are some who have convinced me that as long as we keep working together, and as long as we keep talking about these things, change will happen.鈥�

础听few dozen people gathered in a parking lot near a warehouse loading dock in a high-crime neighborhood of Vancouver, British Columbia, on Valentine鈥檚 Day in 1992.

The parking lot was where, weeks earlier, authorities had found the body of Cheryl Ann Joe. Her mother helped organize the gathering in honor of her daughter, and it would later become an annual march to bring attention to the disappearance or killing of Indigenous women and girls. It is considered the inception of the official MMIP movement.

In the U.S., Native American women are killed at almost three times the rate of white women, and up to 10 times the national average in some areas, according to a 2021 research summary by the National Congress of American Indians. As of 2020, the average time missing for a Native person in Arizona was 21 years, according to the organization. In Montana, Native people make up more than 25% of missing people despite representing only 6.6% of the state population.

But limited data and reporting problems continue to obscure the full scope of the MMIP crisis, experts say. Many disappearances aren鈥檛 reported 鈥� indeed, federal law doesn鈥檛 require tribal law enforcement agencies to report disappearances of people under age 21, according to the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) 鈥� and Native women are often misclassified under other racial categories.

The vast majority of MMIP cases fall under the jurisdiction of federal law enforcement, in particular the FBI and the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). But they鈥檝e long done a poor job investigating these cases due to a combination of underfunding, limited resources, jurisdictional confusion, and racial bias, say advocacy groups and the GAO report.聽

The FBI only investigates disappearances聽when foul play is involved, for example, while the BIA can investigate any disappearance with tribal police. If a Native person goes missing off tribal land, however, then state or local law enforcement must take up the case. (In nine states, state authorities also have jurisdiction over crimes committed on tribal land.)

This has often left families of missing Native people unsure of whom to call 鈥� if they choose to call anyone. And there has historically been little public pressure to change the process, since cases often receive scant attention from police, media, lawmakers, and even local communities.

The GAO report, released last year, offers a snapshot of the various issues. In 2020, four of seven BIA offices surveyed had vacancies for one-third to one-half of the agents who could work MMIP cases, according to the study. Federal agents often didn鈥檛 communicate adequately with victims鈥� families and were frequently indifferent about investigations. Tribal officials attributed this in part to 鈥渉istoric and systemic racism and prejudice鈥� against Native people, particularly women.

Some of that may soon change. In 2020, Congress passed two bipartisan laws focused on improving the federal response to crimes against Indigenous women, including improving coordination between different law enforcement agencies. The legislation built on the work of Operation Lady Justice, a federal task force on missing and murdered Native peoples created by President Donald Trump in 2019. The BIA has also created a Missing and Murdered Unit, with offices around the country, to investigate active and cold MMIP cases.

But on the ground, families, victims, and activists complain that they鈥檝e seen little progress so far. Some say the federal and state governments are talking to each other more about the issue, which is good, but they are not necessarily talking to them.聽

鈥淔amilies have been largely left out of that,鈥� says Angel Charley, executive director of the Coalition to Stop Violence Against Native Women, an advocacy group based in Albuquerque, New Mexico. 鈥淭hese are two different systems, and they still feel very separate from each other.鈥澛�

Meskee Yatsayte is part of the grassroots system 鈥� a network of people in Indian Country who are taking their own initiative to help find missing people. She keeps a bag of 鈥渟earch stuff鈥� in her truck. Stored under a seat, the pack includes hiking boots, flashlights, a reflective vest, a first-aid kit, a few cameras, and a drone.

On this day, she is standing in front of the county courthouse in Gallup, New Mexico. Sunglasses rest on her forehead. A turquoise necklace dangles from her neck. Her wide smile and laid-back demeanor belie a woman who has been immersed for nine years in the MMIP crisis, an experience that has molded her into a veteran civilian investigator.

Since 2013, her work has followed several tracks. She helps operate a Facebook page called Navajo Nation Missing Persons Updates, posting flyers she receives from relatives of missing individuals and developments in cases. (鈥淗AVE YOU SEEN WAYLON TOM?鈥� begins one recent post. 鈥淔OUND: Jamie Yazzie,鈥� reads another.) She raises awareness through another group she co-founded, Missing and Murdered Din茅 Relatives. She helps report new missing people to NamUs, a national clearinghouse for missing and unidentified people. She also works on the New Mexico Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Relatives task force.

And she searches for missing people herself. She has come to know the streets and storm drains of Gallup, as well as the rugged plains, dry gullies, and steep ridges of the reservation where a missing person might be. Every search is laborious, heart-wrenching 鈥� and often dangerous. But like many grassroots advocates tackling the MMIP crisis, Ms. Yatsayte has a personal connection to it.

On May 1, 2020, her uncle decided to walk 4 miles into Gallup and get a bottle of Gatorade, as he often did. It turns out that was the day New Mexico shut down access to the town because of the pandemic.

No one is sure what happened next, but he never came back. It was night by the time Ms. Yatsayte heard, and the temperature had dropped below freezing.

鈥淢y little sensors just went off,鈥� she says. 鈥淪omething was wrong.鈥�

She searched all night, finding nothing. A month went by 鈥� still nothing. The police had set up barricades around town the day he went missing, so he might have taken a longer route.聽

Using a four-wheeler, Ms. Yatsayte checked some hogbacks off the highway. She eventually found him in a dip underneath a tree, where he had died. He was聽2 1/2 miles from home. 鈥淚 made sure that my family didn鈥檛 see,鈥� she says. 鈥淭hat was one thing I was so protective of. For me, I can handle things like that.鈥� 聽

She wishes she had checked those hogbacks sooner. But she is at least appreciative that the family had some closure.聽

鈥淲e were able to bring our loved one home,鈥� she says. 鈥淭here are just so many that [are] still searching. They have absolutely no answers, even after decades.鈥�

Last October, some 70 people marched through Albuquerque鈥檚 Old Town neighborhood. Passing boutiques selling Native American jewelry and artwork, the crowd chanted 鈥渘o more stolen lives!鈥� and 鈥渏ustice for Pepita!鈥澛�

The rally came amid a nationwide outcry over the disappearance of Gabby Petito, a Florida woman who had gone missing two months earlier while traveling cross-country with her boyfriend. But the small event in Albuquerque centered on a different woman, Pepita Redhair, from Crownpoint, New Mexico, who had disappeared 19 months before.

Ms. Redhair鈥檚 mother spoke at the march, as did other relatives of missing and murdered Navajo people. Ms. Charles-Newton
shared the story of her harrowing disappearance, too. 鈥淭he same stories they share whenever a white woman goes missing, we have the same hurt,鈥� the Navajo council delegate said. 鈥淲e want the same justice.鈥�

There wasn鈥檛 always such solidarity with and sympathy for victims and families of missing and murdered Native people. Just raising awareness and speaking out about the issue can be dangerous, since some people resist having cases investigated.

Ms. Yatsayte says she received her first threat in 2015 and stayed anonymous until 2017. Once, she and others were notifying people about a missing woman who was a victim of domestic violence. A man warned them to get the woman鈥檚 information off social media 鈥渙r he would find us.鈥�

鈥淔amilies are finally feeling comfortable to come out and start talking. ... It鈥檚 just amazing how many of these families pull together and work together to make a difference,鈥� says Ms. Yatsayte.

It can be taboo to talk about death and dead people in Navajo culture, too. Yet as the MMIP crisis becomes more visible, some of the stigmas surrounding the issue are starting to erode.

鈥淥ur younger generation is more open-minded, but still we carry that tradition with us, because that鈥檚 what we were taught by our elders,鈥� she says. 鈥淲e do have to respect that when someone voices that [more traditional] opinion.鈥澛�

Impediments remain in tackling the issue, though, one of which is law enforcement.聽

鈥淛urisdictional issues are a problem for us Native Americans 鈥� they鈥檙e a huge problem,鈥� said Jerome Lucero, governor of Pueblo of Zia, a reservation 40 miles north of Albuquerque, at the Pepita Redhair rally. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 why it鈥檚 so hard for us to get justice.鈥�

In addition to not having jurisdiction over killings and some kidnappings on Native lands, tribal authorities also have limited jurisdiction to detain non-Native people suspected of a crime. And even if they did have more authority, officers like Mr. Lucero, who is a member of the Zia tribe鈥檚 police department, say they barely have the resources to handle their current workload.

He has one officer for 124,000 acres of land 鈥� an area larger than New Orleans. The Navajo Nation, the second-largest tribe in the country, doesn鈥檛 have it any easier. As of October 2020, the Navajo Nation Police Department had just 264 personnel, of which 135 were patrol officers, for a reservation the size of West Virginia.

Some police stations don鈥檛 have jails, and the department has had to relocate two stations recently due to hazardous and unsanitary conditions. In 2020, Ms. Charles-Newton tried to get federal funding so the tribe could set up its own medical-examiners office and help ease some of the burdens. According to tribal police, Navajo criminal investigators spend as much as 40% of their time serving as coroners.

Phillip Francisco, who stepped down in January as chief of the Navajo Nation Police Department, says he understands the frustrations of families of missing and murdered Navajo people. 鈥淭hey need a resolution, but sometimes there鈥檚 just nothing there,鈥� he says. 鈥淪ometimes investigators have exhausted every single lead, and unless something else comes up there鈥檚 really nothing they can do.鈥�

Yet he believes the crisis transcends law enforcement. 鈥淭o take care of this problem of missing people, we have to take care of the problem at the root, which is jobs, upbringing, domestic violence,鈥� he says. 鈥淭hat will help prevent people going missing in the first place.鈥澛�

Today there are 17 Bureau of Indian Affairs offices around the country that have at least one agent dedicated to solving MMIP cases, according to a spokesperson for the agency. The agency鈥檚 Missing and Murdered Unit has worked to enhance NamUs, and has enabled BIA to expand partnerships with other federal agencies and offices, like the FBI鈥檚 forensic laboratory and the U.S. Marshals Service Missing Child Unit, the spokesperson said in a statement. The Missing and Murdered Unit has six offices around the country.

But the agencies have more work to do in overcoming entrenched skepticism and distrust of the federal government among Native Americans.聽Ms. Yatsayte says the government needs to listen to and take recommendations from victims, families, and advocates about the MMIP crisis.

Still, on the ground, progress is being made. Mobilization and advocacy are hitting new heights, data gaps are being filled, and partnerships and coalitions are forming.

Many states 鈥� including New Mexico, Minnesota, Arizona, Wyoming, Montana, and Wisconsin 鈥� have formed task forces in recent years to curb the problem. Ms. Yatsayte is close to finishing a 30-page 鈥渢ool kit鈥� that gives families instructions on what to do when a family member goes missing.聽

The Sovereign Bodies Institute 鈥� a nonprofit research organization based in Northern California that maintains perhaps the largest and most comprehensive database of MMIP cases in North America 鈥� has opened a second office in Montana. California and Montana have some of the highest numbers of MMIP cases.聽

In April,the organization announced it was suspending taking on new cases 鈥渄ue to an overwhelming influx of clients since the beginning of 2022.鈥� But Annita Lucchesi, the group鈥檚 executive director, is heartened by what she has seen in recent years.

鈥淕rassroots advocates are making all sorts of progress,鈥� she says. 鈥淲e have the expertise to do the work in a way that鈥檚 truly effective.鈥�

Ms. Charles-Newton has been trying to get more resources to fight the problem for years. She tried again last September, when she urged the Navajo Nation Council to reallocate funds from the tribe鈥檚 Washington, D.C., office to set up a special division to prosecute cases involving missing people.

It was the first time she鈥檇 spoken publicly about her tragedy.聽

To this day, she doesn鈥檛 know how she got away on that night more than 20 years ago. She doesn鈥檛 know if she escaped, or if the man released her. She just remembers it was dark. The man had taken her glasses, so what little she could see was a blur.

Naked, except for one shoe, she says she stumbled across the rocky landscape toward a light, which turned out to be a nearby road. A car passed by, and, remarkably, the driver was someone she鈥檇 known since middle school. He put a jacket on her and took her to the hospital.

A police officer took her statement at the hospital, but, she says, law enforcement authorities doubted her and never properly investigated. She says the case was never referred to the local U.S. attorney, who would have had jurisdiction over sexual assault cases at the time. No arrests were made, she says. The Navajo Police Department didn鈥檛 respond to a request for comment on the case.

Still, the worst was yet to come.

鈥淚n fact, I represent the man who did this to me,鈥� she said in her public comments at the Navajo Nation Council meeting in September. 鈥淎s a council delegate, this man is in my community.鈥�

Ms. Charles-Newton said her experience and the desire to keep others from going through a similar ordeal helped motivate her to attend law school, become a prosecutor on the reservation, and run for the council.聽

Still, she knows there is a long way to go to prevent the disappearance and聽killing of Indigenous people. Her efforts to fund a missing persons unit failed by one vote.

鈥淪ome things have changed鈥� for the better, she says now, 鈥渂ut I think some things still remain the same.鈥澛�