海角大神

Facing gridlock in Washington, police reformers press locally

Though police misconduct grabs national headlines, management of police departments 鈥� and their reform 鈥� is often a local affair. Citizens across the U.S. have embraced a bottom-up approach pushing for changes at the community level.

First Look

Last summer, millions of ordinary Americans took to the streets to protest racism, police violence, and the killing of George Floyd.

In the year since, many transformed their energy and anger to action. Across the country, civilians on task forces and elected officials in state legislatures are pushing for changes that experts say address the root causes of police misconduct targeting minority communities. Reforms at state and local levels in the past year include the creation of oversight boards that are not beholden to police departments or unions.

鈥淵ou cannot just ask the police to do their reforms themselves 鈥� it won鈥檛 get done,鈥� said Robert Davis, a pastor who coordinates a civilian-led task force in Denver that is preparing a report on proposed changes for police. 鈥淲e have to empower the community to be responsible for public safety.鈥�

Community efforts have existed for generations, and modernizing the roughly 18,000 individual police departments in the United States is a messy, fragmented, and difficult task. But policing experts say that efforts now go beyond addressing tactics such as banning choke holds.

鈥淭here is a deeper questioning around not just resources and tactics, but in asking, 鈥榃hat are we trying to accomplish?鈥欌�� said Tracie Keesee, who spent 25 years as a police officer in Denver before co-founding the Center of Policing Equity. 鈥淧eople are genuinely trying to do something new.鈥�

Ms. Keesee sees civilians making progress in places such as Ithaca, New York, where she worked with the mayor鈥檚 office that recommended the replacement of the police department with a 鈥渃ommunity solutions鈥� public safety agency 鈥� an idea rejected by the local police union. She also cited a move in Austin, Texas, to cut the police budget by a third and use some of that money to address social issues like homelessness.

Austin is a left-leaning island in a conservative state where the Republican governor, Greg Abbott, is pushing legislation that would withhold some state tax revenue for cities that cut police budgets. That points to hurdles ahead for reformers.

鈥楩uture of police reform鈥�

Jeffrey Fagan, a Columbia University criminal justice scholar, said the federal government has an important role in policing reform. But he is increasingly convinced that state-level efforts hold more promise at getting at the roots of police misconduct.

鈥淭hat is the future of police reform,鈥� he said.

He called reforms including a police oversight committee that were pushed through the Massachusetts state legislature and signed into law by another Republican governor, Charlie Baker, in December 鈥渞emarkable.鈥� That they came from elected state officials 鈥渉as a very powerful legitimizing effect,鈥� Mr. Fagan said.

Maryland鈥檚 Democratic-led legislature on Saturday also passed aggressive police reforms, overriding three vetoes from Republican Governor Larry Hogan.

Jonathan Blanks, a visiting fellow at the Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity who focuses on policing, said people often look to Washington for help with big, systemic problems. But officials in D.C. do not have much authority over local police departments, he said.

Days before former Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin went on trial last month for murder in Mr. Floyd鈥檚 death, the 鈥淕eorge Floyd Justice in Policing Act鈥� was passed with little Republican support in the Democratic-controlled U.S. House of Representatives.

Among its provisions, the bill proposes restricting certain funds to local governments that let law enforcement officers use choke holds, requiring law enforcement agencies to provide data on use of deadly force, and changing 鈥渜ualified immunity鈥� to further open the door for lawsuits against police over the use of excessive force. The bill鈥檚 prospects are uncertain in the Senate, where the Democrats鈥� majority is slim and some moderate Democrats have joined Republicans in expressing concern the proposal would divert funds that police need and make communities less safe.

Murphy Robinson, the director of public safety in Denver, linked the desire of communities to take part in rethinking policing to last summer鈥檚 protests. He said he welcomed civilian input, but cautioned that task forces such as the one in his own city, which was set up by faith leaders and community organizers, needed to be fully representative and have more involvement from law enforcement.

Earlier this year, Mr. Robinson halted the Public Safety Department鈥檚 participation in Denver鈥檚 task force because he said his team鈥檚 role was limited to answering questions, which Mr. Davis, the task force coordinator, denied.

鈥淚f you don鈥檛 have the people that do this work everyday at the table, we鈥檙e going to miss an opportunity to actually work together to get real change, real criminal justice transformation,鈥� Mr. Robinson said.

Xochitl Gaytan, a community activist and member of the Denver task force, said it was underrepresented communities that are disproportionately on the receiving end of police abuses who need to be heard.

She said Mr. Floyd鈥檚 death and the disproportionate impact the pandemic has had on minority communities has helped inspire Americans from many communities to confront what she said was systemic racism and classism in police and other institutions.

The police reforms that may eventually be adopted, she added, 鈥渕ay not be as grand as one would hope, but it鈥檚 going to open the opportunity for us to continue challenging the system going forward.鈥�

This story was reported by Reuters.