Obstreperous: A jovial word with an ominous back story
It's a learned, yet folksy, way to describe someone as unruly or troublesome. Its roots are innocuous, but it was also used to describe slaves.
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As bills that were passed by the United States House of Representatives pile up in the Senate, remarks that President Joe Biden made last year about whether to abolish the filibuster are back in the news. 鈥淚t鈥檚 going to depend on how obstreperous they become,鈥� Mr. Biden told journalists during his campaign, a humorous reference to the Republican senators. Obstreperous sounds like something Mark Twain might have said if he鈥檇 been a middle school teacher 鈥� it鈥檚 both learned and folksy. It also played a small, though sinister, role in the most appalling period of American history, which raises questions about how we use it and words like it today.
Obstreperous comes from the root strepere, 鈥渢o make a noise鈥� in Latin, and in its earliest uses meant just that: 鈥渃lamorous, noisy,鈥� according to the Oxford English Dictionary. A character in a 1600 play, for example, expresses frustration with someone who won鈥檛 stop arguing: 鈥淧roceed鈥檚t thou still with thy ostreperous noise?鈥�
The word quickly acquired a more specific sense as well 鈥� 鈥渘oisily or aggressively resisting control, advice, etc.; turbulent, unruly; ... argumentative鈥� 鈥� which remains its primary meaning today. Implicit in obstreperous is the idea that the control is justified and the threat minimal 鈥� its tone is patronizing. Students throwing spitballs are obstreperous; militants fighting a rebellion against a government they consider to be unjust are not, though both are 鈥渁ggressively resisting control.鈥� When President Biden calls Senate Republicans 鈥渙bstreperous,鈥� he is suggesting that they are fractious, but harmless. 聽
Obstreperous was not always such a jovial word, however. In 18th- and 19th-century America, it was a common way to describe enslaved people whom plantation owners considered to be 鈥渢roublesome.鈥� A Virginia memoirist remembered, for example, that his father 鈥渉ad to threaten to sell one obstreperous slave ... in order to make him behave.鈥� In his autobiography, noted educator Robert Moton recounts how his father fought back against an overseer who tried to whip him, then 鈥渢ook the only course, as it seems, that was open to 鈥榦bstreperous鈥� slaves鈥� and fled to the woods.聽
Where does that leave obstreperous? It remains a humorous word to many English speakers today, while others aren鈥檛 familiar with it. How much do its ties to American slavery matter? What about the fact that it implicitly creates a hierarchy, setting up an unequal relationship? English speakers are increasingly concerned about language that has these two characteristics, but there has been no public outcry against obstreperous. This is not the case with master, however, and that鈥檚 our subject next week.聽