海角大神

Hubble spots bright, massive stars in Tarantula Nebula

Astronomers have identified a cluster of massive stars in a Nebula far, far away that can help advance our understanding of black holes and gravitational waves. 

The Hubble Telescope has once again made a massive find, literally, according to a group of astronomers who used Hubble鈥檚 unique abilities to analyze the Tarantula Nebula. Their study identified with masses more than 100 times that of the sun in a small star cluster named R136, located 170,000 light years away.

The Tarantula Nebula, or 30 Doradus, has been called a 鈥溾�� by NASA and a 鈥渟tellar nursery鈥� by the authors of the study. The Hubble Telescope allowed astronomers to identify over 800,000 stars in the Tarantula Nebula by 2014 alone.

Nine of the super massive stars are clustered in a a very specific portion of聽聽called聽the聽Tarantula Nebula.

"The Tarantula Nebula is special in comparison to its neighbors for its size and brightness," study author Paul Crowther told 海角大神 by email. "Although our galaxy is much larger than the Tarantula Nebula, there are likely as many massive stars in that small corner of the universe as there are in the entire Milky Way galaxy."

鈥淲ith respect to the Orion Nebula, it [the Tarantula Nebula] is 100 times bigger, 100 times more distant and 1000 times brighter,鈥� Dr. Crowther says.

Scientifically, massive stars are stars that measure at least eight to ten times the mass of the sun. R136鈥檚 stars shine up to 30 times brighter than the sun as well.

Why are these beheamoths so bright?

"Because they are so massive, they are all close to their so-called Eddington limit, which is the maximum luminosity a star can have before it rips itself apart,鈥� Crowther told the BBC. 鈥淎nd so they've got really powerful outflows. They are shedding mass at a fair rate of knots."

鈥淢assive stars are actually quite rare,鈥� said study co-author Saida Caballero-Nieves in an email to the Monitor. 鈥淗owever, they are still quite influential to their surroundings because they produce so much energy through radiation, strong winds and in some cases, explosive 鈥榙eaths.鈥� 鈥�

Scientists first detected the existence of these massive stars in 2010, when they discovered a humongous star they named R136a1, which is approximately 250 times the size of our solar system鈥檚 sun.

How these stars form is still a bit of a mystery, according to Dr. Caballero-Nieves. Since massive stars require a highly dense environment to form, the same gas cloud that facilitates their formation can prevent astronomers from observing it.

What鈥檚 so important about these massive stars?

Studying monster stars, which often come in closely tied binary pairs, could help astronomers unravel the mysteries of the relationship between black holes and gravitational waves.

Since the stars shine so brightly, they will also have short lifespans. Their deaths will result in black holes.

鈥淲e're currently using our observations to assess whether there are close binary stars amongst these monsters,鈥� Crowther told the Monitor. 鈥淚f so, they're the likely progenitors of binary black holes which have recently been detected to merge with LIGO [gravitational waves].鈥�

Crowther told the BBC that the discovery of gravitational waves happened after large black holes merged. Those black holes were created by the demise of massive stars.

Like many other discoveries over the years, this one would not have been possible without Hubble鈥檚 ultraviolet observation capabilities.

鈥淚 think Hubble's top discovery is that over 20 years later, we are still uncovering 鈥媐ascinating discoveries of the Universe,鈥� says Caballero-Nieves.

The massive star study will be published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.