New parrot species found hiding in plain sight
The discovery that Africa's Cape Parrot is a distinct species highlights the importance of genetic analysis to conserving wildlife.
This is a male Cape Parrot (Poicephalus robustus).
Cyril Laubscher
Sometimes, discovering new animal species requires spending years venturing deep into the wilderness. But other times, a new species can be found hiding in plain sight.
The Cape Parrot, a largish bird native to the forests of South Africa, has long been considered, 聽along with聽the聽brown-necked parrot and the grey-headed parrot, to be聽a subspecies of聽Poicephalus robustus. But a genetic analysis suggests that the Cape Parrot is its own distinct species, one that resulted from natural selection and not breeding.
Next, conservationists will try to have Cape Parrot recognized as a separate species, which could qualify it to be listed as "vulnerable" under the聽, according to the study.
The discovery, highlights the increased role that DNA testing plays in discovering new species in unexpected places.聽Experts say that islands, capes, and separate river systems in the United States all hold the promise of finding these new species-within-species.
Last year, scientists with the聽 (WCS) used genetic testing to determine that humpback whales in the Arabian Sea are the ,聽and may be the most isolated whale population. The results suggest that this population remained separate from other humpback whale populations for perhaps 70,000 years.
鈥淲e use DNA evidence to identify unique and different populations 鈥� and sometimes even new species 鈥� of whales and dolphins,鈥� writes Howard Rosenbaum, Director of WCS鈥檚 Ocean Giants Program in an email. 鈥淭his type of information is often invaluable for regulatory authorities, managers, and the scientific community to聽design and implement the most appropriate conservation strategies to protect them.鈥澛�
In 2014, a DNA test revealed a new species of dolphin, the 鈥�,鈥� which had managed to remain genetically isolated from other dolphin species in the Araguaia River basin of central Brazil for two million years.
鈥淚鈥檓 interested in how we use science to make good decisions, but also looking at the economics of these protections as well.鈥� says聽, a conservation biologist at the University of Vermont鈥檚聽聽and author of聽.
He says in an interview that his job is to examine the science and policy of endangered species protection. 鈥淚鈥檓 interested in how we use science to make good decisions, and also looking at the economics聽of these protections, so we can make good decisions.鈥�
鈥淭here鈥檚 been a rapid rise in using conservation genetics and taxonomy to define populations. The field of biogeography has been booming lately,鈥� Roman says. 鈥淭he world is in the middle of a conservation crisis, but at the same time we鈥檙e seeing more and more species described.鈥澛�
He adds,聽鈥淧art of that is because we鈥檙e going into new areas, but in a large part, it鈥檚 because we鈥檙e doing more genetic and morphological analysis of these species.鈥�
Dr. Roman was part of the team that used genetic testing last year to determine that the聽聽in Florida are a separate and distinct population and a new species.
鈥淭his is a turtle that has been proposed for listing as endangered in the United States,鈥� he says. 鈥淥ur finding that a single population in the聽聽in Florida and in Georgia is actually a species that鈥檚 been separated for hundreds of thousands of years brings this conservation issue to the forefront.鈥�
鈥淪pecies can look the same," he adds, "even if they鈥檙e found across a large range. And once you look at the DNA, you might discover 聽that maybe a mountain range or a river drainage has split it into separate groups that have been in isolation long enough that we consider them species or sub-species."
According to Roman, the greatest obstacles to using this new technology to save species are money and time.
Wildlife biologist and outspoken conservationist Forrest Galante says in an interview, 鈥淲ithout knowing that these specific groups of animals are genetically isolated we may not consider them valuable or vulnerable and may directly or indirectly wipe out entire genetic populations even though they may look or act very similar to a different group of animals.鈥�
鈥淭he more we can understand about wildlife (population genetics) the better we can protect it, so DNA testing is very important to establish boundaries for human/wildlife interactions on a global scale,鈥� Mr. Galante adds.聽
鈥淕enetics is incredibly informative and essential in most conservation efforts but sometimes you have a small population on the verge of extinction and you don鈥檛 have the time to do the genetic studies before you make the decision,鈥� Roman adds. 鈥淚n most cases the thing you want to do is protect the habitat and then understand its ecology and genetics. I think we need a suite of tools to protect species. We need studies that proceed rapidly but are informed by science, and genetics is one of the tools we have in our conservation tool kit.鈥�
However, Roman points out, 鈥淲e don鈥檛 have endless money. Science takes a while and it takes funding. Lack of funding is always an obstacle.鈥�