How one Iowa town made peace with the Mississippi River
Modern Woodmen Park stands along the Mississippi River. During flood events, the baseball stadium can become its own island.
Melanie Stetson Freeman/Staff
Davenport, Iowa; and Hannibal, Mo.
The Fourth of July is an important day for the Quad Cities River Bandits. Thousands of fans flock to Modern Woodmen Park in Davenport, Iowa, to cheer on the home team and watch fireworks.
But the big summer game was a bit different in 2014, says Andrew Chesser, the Bandits鈥� general manager, when the baseball stadium was transformed into an island in the middle of the Mississippi River. Fans had to ford the floodwaters on a portable bridge to reach the stadium.
鈥淭he ballpark was totally surrounded,鈥� says Mr. Chesser. 鈥淏ut it doesn鈥檛 inhibit us from operating whatsoever.... It鈥檚 just become part of life here.鈥�
Why We Wrote This
River communities often struggle to keep surging floodwaters from destroying property. In Davenport, Iowa, however, residents have instead learned to live with the ebbs and flows of the Mississippi.
Davenport is on the upper Mississippi River, between the headwaters in Bemidji, Minn., and St. Louis, without levees or a flood wall to hold back the river. Instead of building a barrier between the river and nearby homes and businesses, Davenport designed its downtown , lining the city鈥檚 nine miles of riverfront with parks, bike trails, parking lots, and a very wet baseball stadium.
As cities around the United States 鈥� and the world 鈥� deal with as a result of climate change, the town of Davenport offers an adaptive approach to flood plain management. Rather than fighting to control the river, the residents of Davenport have learned to live with it.
鈥淪ome of the traditional ways of fortifying rivers 鈥� hardened shorelines and engineering solutions 鈥� have tons of repercussions that we don鈥檛 always take into account,鈥� says Samuel Mu帽oz, an assistant professor of environmental sciences and engineering at Northeastern University in Boston.
鈥淸Davenport] is an example of one city taking an alternative approach,鈥� says Professor Mu帽oz. 鈥淚f more cities and communities along the Mississippi, and other rivers, took alternative approaches it could have a big effect on aggregate.鈥�
Local leadership says this approach has come with some economic benefits: tourists are attracted to the city鈥檚 views and building a wall would be expensive, potentially costing more than current flood clean-ups. And many Davenport residents say it鈥檚 important to accept flooding as a part of the city鈥檚 history and a way of life along the river.
鈥淲hen the river comes up, and that happens every year now, we let it take its own course. There is nothing really in there that could be damaged,鈥� says former Davenport mayor, Bill Gluba. 鈥淲orking with Mother Nature is better than working against Mother Nature.... At least it has worked for us.鈥�
Going with the flow
After the famous inundated the Upper Mississippi River basin causing $160 million (nearly $1.3 billion in 2018 dollars) in damages, cities along the river began walling up their communities with the help of federal funds. Local Davenport resident Mary Ellen Chamberlin worried that her town could be next.
So Ms. Chamberlin took a week of vacation to drive up and down the Mississippi to inspect the new metal barricades and grass-covered levees sprouting up between communities and the river. She became 鈥渞epulsed鈥� by the idea of a permanent barrier in Davenport. She would no longer be able to walk along the river, or put her feet in its cool, milk chocolate-colored waters.
鈥淚 was born five blocks from the river,鈥� says Chamberlin. 鈥淚t bothered me that I wouldn鈥檛 see it anymore. So I made it my own effort.鈥�
Chamberlin, who was working as a congressional aide at the time, took the issue to her local politicians and, eventually, to then-President Jimmy Carter, who eliminated funding for a wall in Davenport at her request. Since then, a long line of mayors dedicated to preserving the riverfront have assumed that mantle.
鈥淭he river is always an issue during the election process,鈥� says Davenport Mayor Frank Klipsch, who was elected in 2016. 鈥淲ell before my term in office, the community embraced the river. It鈥檚 an important part of our identity.鈥�
Locals are occasionally frustrated with Davenport鈥檚 approach, but Mr. Gluba, Chamberlin, and Mayor Klipsch can鈥檛 think of one Davenport resident who is vocal about wanting a wall. As the Bandit鈥檚 Mr. Chesser puts it, living with floods is now a part of Davenport鈥檚 nature.
鈥淒avenport still has the pressure, especially after a big flood, but the politicians have had the backbone over the years to resist that drumbeat,鈥� says Nicholas Pinter, associate director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California, Davis.
Davenport鈥檚 approach has drawn the attention of other cities in the United States and abroad. As co-chair of the Mississippi River Cities and Towns Initiative, Klipsch was asked to speak at a United Nations conference on water in Bonn, Germany.
For communities that have already invested in levees and flood walls, however, Davenport鈥檚 lead may be difficult to follow. Taking down that infrastructure is costly, and many cities have established buildings that would be flooded without that protection.
鈥淭he more likely scenario is that the few remaining places without a levee may be more likely to resist pressure [to build one],鈥� says Dr. Pinter, as cities would likely appreciate alternatives. 鈥淚f you鈥檝e been to Hannibal, the flood walls and levees really alter the connection to the river.鈥�
A tale of two cities
More than 160 miles south, Hannibal, Mo., is only one-fifth the size of Davenport. But Hannibal, the birthplace of Mark Twain, shares a similar small, river-town feel.
But there is a big difference between the two cities. In Hannibal, stand between the town and the river, like an inverted medieval moat. By the time it reaches Hannibal, the Mississippi is running fast and more than half a mile wide, but locals strolling down the city鈥檚 main street can鈥檛 see the river.
Not only do levees visually block the river, but they also . When the river swells, either from heavy rain or snowmelt, the river naturally wants to expand wider across flood plains. Instead, levees constrict the water to a narrow passage, making the water rise higher and move faster as it flows downstream.
That effect has stoked animosity between communities and led to so-called in which one community will illegally increase levee heights 聽so the water crests over another town鈥檚 smaller levee. Hannibal has been in its own levee war with the Sny Island Levee Drainage District across the river in Illinois, which has built聽.
鈥淲e can鈥檛 just continue to wall the river with levees and think that鈥檚 going to solve a problem,鈥� says Mark Harvey, standing in front of the grassy walls of the levee in Hannibal. Mr. Harvey is chair of Neighbors of the Mississippi River, a group that campaigns for equitable flood mitigation to prevent levee war losers.
鈥淵ou might solve your problem short term, but long term you could create a negative impact for generations to come,鈥� says Harvey, adding that he appreciates Davenport鈥檚 respect for its neighbors. 鈥淚f the residents believe that鈥檚 fair and equitable to them, that鈥檚 an admirable decision.鈥�
But Davenport鈥檚 approach requires more work, say municipal employees. When the river crest reaches 13 to 15 feet, which happens two to four times a year, Davenport Public Works closes the roads closest to the water and sets up water pumps. And when the river crests above 17 feet, temporary barriers are deployed throughout town.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a lot of last minute response, a lot of overtime. It鈥檚 exhausting for our crews,鈥� says Public Works director Nicole Gleason. A few years ago, for example, Davenport had a flood that took weeks to recede, and then shortly after employees took down all of the portable barriers and pumps, the area flooded again.
鈥淎nd then we get criticized for not doing other work like road work,鈥� says Ms. Gleason. 鈥淲hen we have a flood, we delay other critical services. We press a pause button on everything that鈥檚 scheduled.鈥�
But even if Public Works is slow to repair a road, the Davenport community realizes what it has gained with the public green space. Residents enjoy frequent citywide events, from festivals and concerts on the waterfront to an annual Father鈥檚 Day bike ride.
For residents like Chesser, the number of beautiful days at the river鈥檚 edge more than make up for the days when flooding spreads into the city. 鈥淚 can鈥檛 complain if five days a year Mother Nature decides to throw us a curveball,鈥� he says.
This story was made possible in part by a fellowship with the Institute for Journalism & Natural Resources.