海角大神

News flash: Three out of four economists are wrong

Neo-Keynesians, 'inflationistas,' and hardcore deflationists offer conflicting prescriptions for the world economy. Could they all be wrong?

What does an economist think鈥�when he adjourns to the local bar鈥�or is hauled away to the asylum? In the dead of night or the quiet of a confessional, does he laugh sourly at having fooled most of the people most of the time? Or does he curse his trade and feel like hanging himself?

The thing economists said was nearly impossible actually happened last week. Yields on 2-year US debt hit a record low just as the Treasury prepares for another record-setting deficit. The supply of Treasury debt and the demand for it hit new highs 鈥� together. Stranger things have happened. But the strangeness of this event has caused a furor loquendi amongst economists. Usually, there are only two major ways of misunderstanding current events. Now there are at least four of them.

Party economists take the party line; whenever the party flags, get out more gin. Now, they say the recovery is proceeding, thanks to adroit demand management. Unsurprisingly, since they are the authorities, they claim that record low Treasury yields mean investors have confidence in the authorities. Deficits don鈥檛 matter, they add.

Another group 鈥� the Paul Krugman, Martin Wolf, Joseph Stiglitz wing of the neo-Keynesian faction 鈥� fear the recovery may stall, as it did in America in the 鈥�30s and Japan in the 鈥�90s. They say deficits do matter; they wish there were more of them. Low bond yields are cheap gin to them.

In opposition is a large group of 鈥渋nflationistas.鈥� (Marc Faber, Jim Rogers鈥�). They believe the authorities have already added too much monetary juice. And now they鈥檙e afraid the feds will run bigger deficits and add even more monetary inflation. Along with tightened supplies and demand pressure from the emerging markets, this will cause consumer prices to rise more than expected. The dollar and bonds will be crushed.

A small group of 鈥榟ardcore deflationists,鈥� meanwhile, believes falling yields prove the economy is sinking into a deep hole of debt destruction and depression. (Robert Prechter, Gary Shilling) These Jeremiahs expect the main US stock index 鈥� the Dow 鈥� to lose 95% of its value and the bond market to continue to rise.

Yet another school of thought confines itself to this Daily Reckoning. It acknowledges that nobody knows anything, but it doesn鈥檛 mind taking a guess. Herewith is its view, beginning with a critique of its opponents. Fair-minded reader, you be the judge.

Mainstream opinion is contradicted by the facts. Fewer people are employed today in the US than when the stimulus program began. Sales are down. Growth is falling. Credit is contracting. Even hairstylists and cab drivers know something is wrong.

As for the 鈥榠nflationistas鈥� view, it makes sense. The feds add money. Prices should rise. But in Europe and America, the rate of consumer price inflation is generally ebbing. That鈥檚 what low bond yields are really telling us; they signal deflation, not inflation. Maybe the inflationistas will be proven right, eventually. But for the moment, prices in the developed world are going down; they should remain weak until this phase of debt reduction is largely complete.

Meanwhile, 鈥榟ard-core鈥� deflationists could be right too. A big credit expansion typically gives way to a big credit contraction. The past is not prologue, it is an account payable. Now it鈥檚 due. But there鈥檚 room for negotiation. If the 鈥榟ard-core deflationists鈥� are right, credit will contract back to 鈥�70s levels and asset prices will correct as much. But a lot has happened since the Carter era. There鈥檚 much more demand, for example, coming from all over the world. China is now a bigger energy consumer than the US, and a bigger auto buyer too. Demand for just about everything is growing. This new demand is bound to boost prices.

The supply side, too, puts a brake on deflation. The easy, cheap oil has already been pumped. Other resources 鈥� including food and water 鈥� require huge new capital investments before supplies will increase. Domestic inflation rates in China and India are already increasing. It鈥檚 just a matter of time before the exporters put inflation in a shipping container and send it west.

But we don鈥檛 need to rely purely on guesswork. We have an example right in front of us 鈥� Japan. The island has been de-leveraging its private sector since 1990 鈥� complete with ultra-low bond yields. Consumer prices fell. Between real estate and stocks, investors lost an amount equal to three years鈥� total output.

Economists misunderstood it completely and gave consistently bad advice. And the authorities took the advice and squandered a whole generation鈥檚 savings. But the world did not come to an end. Japan de-leveraged while the rest of the world went on a buying spree. Now, the entire developed world de-leverages, while the emerging world continues to shop.

Nobody knows anything. But readers should expect a long, soft correction just the same.

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