海角大神

When Oman鈥檚 ruler of a half century died without an heir apparent, brief fears of turmoil ended with the quick announcement of a new sultan in this nation on the eastern edge of the Arabian Peninsula.

But instead of the military rulers whose arrivals come with martial music and whose ends often accompany times of trouble in the Mideast, Oman ended up with the culture minister.

That Oman followed its own distinctive, uncommon path after the death of Sultan Qaboos bin Said represents perhaps the best testament to his rule over a nation he brought out of the isolationist obscurity imposed by his father and modernized with its oil wealth.

His successor, Sultan Haitham bin Tariq, has followed his example in establishing his rule over this country of 2.7 million Omanis and another 1.7 million foreigners as the coronavirus pandemic closed off the sultanate. The outside world and internal challenges, however, are preparing to come crashing in.

Oman faces billions in looming loan repayments, including from China, and needs even more money as its youthful population wants jobs and its government cannot afford the cradle-to-grave benefits given in other Gulf Arab nations. Ratcheted-up tensions between Iran and the United States 鈥� either with President Donald Trump still in the White House or a new Joe Biden administration 鈥� could see Oman brought into the middle of a situation that nearly sparked a war at the beginning of the year. And the sultanate鈥檚 long-cherished neutrality finds itself challenged by regional disputes.

Then there鈥檚 the small matter of serving as sultan after a man literally celebrated each year as the architect of Oman鈥檚 renaissance.

鈥淗aitham has a golden chance to become Oman鈥檚 second renaissance figure,鈥� said Bader al-Saif, an assistant professor of history at Kuwait University who studies Oman. 鈥淭he domestic economic scene is his to win or his to lose. I mean, I think there is no place for him to play around with it. The situation is very dire.鈥�

Already, Sultan Haitham has followed the example of his late cousin. He plans to meet with subjects across his nation of 11 governorates that is larger than the U.S. state of Kansas.

The first visit came in Dhofar, a region bordering Yemen that was still gripped by a guerrilla war with Marxist fighters when Sultan Qaboos took power in 1970. Sultan Qaboos won the war and ultimately invited Dhofari rebels into his government, notably the longtime Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Yusuf bin Alawi.

Sultan Haitham鈥檚 efforts have also extended into a quiet government campaign encouraging several dissidents to return to the kingdom, so long as they give up their social media presence and end their activism, said writer Nabhan Alhanshi, who leads the Omani Center for Human Rights from exile in the United Kingdom.

Also invited home was Jamshid bin Abdullah al-Said, the last sultan of Zanzibar, the Tanzanian island once part of Oman. Sultan Qaboos鈥� father and the late sultan himself kept Mr. Said in exile in the United Kingdom, fearful of any threat to their rule, no matter how minor.

As ruler, Sultan Haitham has deviated from his predecessor by naming finance and foreign ministers, as opposed to wielding the titles himself.

But Sultan Haitham remains the paramount ruler of a country where criticism of the sultan remains a criminal offense punishable by as much as seven years in prison. Oman鈥檚 press remains muzzled. Meanwhile, Sultan Haitham has created a new Cyber Defense Center that Mr. Alhanshi fears will further put activists at risk for speaking out.

Sultan Haitham鈥檚 decision to put his family into government roles, as well as focusing on financial issues rather than democratic reforms, worries Mr. Alhanshi.

鈥淒uring the protests of 2011 ... they said we have some financial problem, we have to solve it, then we will go through the political reform. But what happened actually there was no political reform,鈥� Mr. Alhanshi said. 鈥淭he new government now is saying the same, so how can we trust them?鈥�

Oman鈥檚 Embassy in Washington did not respond to several requests for comment from The Associated Press.

The sultanate鈥檚 finances remain a concern, however. Ratings agencies warn that the Omani government is on pace to run over a $10 billion fiscal deficit in 2020 alone. That鈥檚 as global energy prices remain low, cutting into revenues for a nation that produces just under 1 million barrels of oil a day. Traders have put Omani bonds into 鈥渏unk鈥� status 鈥� meaning at a higher risk for default.

Finding money to cover the debts remains key. Oman already has a $3.6 billion payment due in 2022 to a syndicate of Chinese banks, according to ratings agency Fitch. Seeking more money there, from the West or fellow nations in the six-member Gulf Cooperation Council could make Oman more beholden to them, something Sultan Haitham wants to avoid, said Cinzia Bianco, a fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations.

鈥淭his makes it even more important for Sultan Haitham to try and keep Omanis close to one another and close to him because there is this other vulnerability,鈥� Ms. Bianco said.

Then there鈥檚 Iran. The start of 2020 nearly saw the U.S. and Iran enter a war. Under Sultan Qaboos, Oman had provided a secret backchannel to Tehran during negotiations that led to the 2015 nuclear deal with world powers. Just before he died, Sultan Qaboos also signed deals allowing the U.S. and British navies access to the Omani port of Duqm, expanding the longtime access both nations enjoy there. India as well has access for its navy.

While Mr. Trump鈥檚 withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal lit the fuse of current tensions, Oman once again could be an interlocutor 鈥� or may already be serving as one now.

鈥淎s Yusuf bin Alawi once told me, the Gulf needs an open window to Iran and if no one else is going to do it, Oman is going to do it,鈥� said Marc J. Sievers, a former U.S. ambassador to Oman. 鈥淚t wasn鈥檛 just for the West, but also for the Gulf itself that the Omanis wanted to maintain that engagement. I think that鈥檒l continue.鈥�

This story was reported by The Associated Press.