Haifa鈥檚 Happy Holidays: Three religions, one giant block party
| HAIFA, Israel
It鈥檚 rush hour聽and news blares from car radios across Israel鈥檚 traffic-clogged roads about one overarching story of the day: Hamas militants in Gaza have fired 400 rockets into southern Israel over the past 24 hours. About 100 miles north up the coast, in the port city of Haifa, two young art curators, one Jewish and one a Palestinian citizen of Israel, are dealing with something decidedly less fraught: They are planning the logistics of an art installation that will include 88 pounds of white pepper, za鈥檃tar, sumac, and ginger.聽
The piece is an exploration of what notions of 鈥渉ome鈥� mean, a loaded concept in a land claimed by two peoples. It is planned as a centerpiece of a new art exhibition for the Holiday of Holidays, the only event of its kind in Israel and a rare celebration of religious and cultural diversity in the fractious Middle East. The festival honors Christmas, Hanukkah, and Muslim traditions over three weekends in December in a gathering that is part block party, part intercultural artistic extravaganza. It draws as many as 70,000 people a day. This year will mark the 25th anniversary of the festival.聽
Every year there is a different theme and this one is 鈥渢he third dimension,鈥� an invitation to look at what happens when different cultures and identities influence each other to create something new 鈥� a hybrid space 鈥� as Yael Messer describes it. Ms. Messer is curator of the art gallery run by the Beit HaGefen Arab-Jewish Cultural Center. Messer, who is Jewish, is going over plans with Haneen Abed, her deputy, a Palestinian Israeli, in their shared office. The staff of the center is made up of both Arab and Jewish citizens of Israel.聽
Why We Wrote This
When the Oslo Accords were signed 25 years ago, it seemed Israelis and Palestinians might be headed toward peace. Haifa鈥檚 December festival began that year too, a reminder of a time of hope.
The story of the Holiday of Holidays is also the story of Haifa, Israel鈥檚 third-largest city. Haifa likes to bill itself 鈥� though not without criticism 鈥� as the country鈥檚 capital of coexistence, a place where Jewish and Arab residents live more integrated lives.聽
Across the country, most Jews and Arabs live separately even in so-called mixed towns and cities, such as Haifa, where the two groups usually inhabit different neighborhoods. Social interaction is especially rare.
But the festival brings together people from both sides of the demographic divide to dance to music performed on outdoor stages, on streets festooned with holiday lights. Arabs and Jews together follow the path of food and literary tours through the alleyways and streets of the mostly Arab neighborhood of Wadi Nisnas, eating local offerings like hummus and baklava at food stalls and attending concerts of liturgical music at churches. The massive undertaking is organized by Beit HaGefen and funded by the city of Haifa.
Upstairs from Messer and Ms. Abed, their colleague Hila Goshen, the cultural director of Beit HaGefen, has her laptop open to a color-coded schedule of the festival鈥檚 events.聽
鈥淚t seems like every year there is some war, or military operation, or suicide bombing that happens [during the planning season] and we ask, 鈥榃hat are we doing, bringing people together to hear music and hear each other?鈥� 鈥� says Ms. Goshen. 鈥淎nd then the festival happens and this place looks like the most normal place on earth. The magic happens.鈥�
***
Every December the festival spills out from underneath a Haifa landmark, the Bahai Gardens, a series of lush terraces built into a slope of Mount Carmel. The gardens were created by the Bahai on the site of one of the religion鈥檚 holiest shrines.聽A Christmas tree, a menorah in the shape of the Star of David, and an Islamic crescent are placed together at the foot of Mount Carmel to convey a message of unity.
The talk on this particular morning of possible war between Israel and Hamas feels strangely removed from the calm and 鈥� compared to the rest of Israel 鈥� integrated lives of Arabs and Jews here. But it鈥檚 also an unbearably familiar tension, says Abed. 鈥淲hat is awful about this [fighting] is that it has become normal in some way. Despite all the associated pain, it鈥檚 almost routine,鈥� says Abed, who moved to Haifa from Nazareth, Israel. She鈥檚 part of a trend of young, liberal Palestinian Israelis who are forging a cultural and political home in the city. Many of them have moved here from more religiously and politically conservative towns and villages across the country.聽
Messer is also a transplant to Haifa. Like Abed, she was attracted to the more tolerant atmosphere here. It鈥檚 a city they both refer to as a bubble, one whose long history of overall good relations between Arabs and Jews has endured.聽
Yet even here, they鈥檙e quick to point out, some very real divides still exist. 鈥淭here鈥檚 a tendency to forget within the 1948 borders,鈥� Messer says, referring to the borders of Israel proper, not the Palestinian areas of West Bank and Gaza, 鈥渢hat we don鈥檛 live in a normal place, and unfortunately it has to come to a very kind of severe situation in other places in our area for us to remember that.鈥澛�
Abed and Messer share a sunny office in the downstairs of Beit HaGefen鈥檚 main building, a large limestone structure built at the end of the 19th century. Both have thick wavy hair they often wear pulled up into buns and on this day they are both in jeans. They joke that they often wear the same colors to work without planning to. But if anyone might mistake them for sisters, Messer teases it鈥檚 clear they are not 鈥� Abed is 鈥渕uch鈥� taller, she says.聽
Messer also doesn鈥檛 give much thought to the fact that, like the rest of the Beit HaGefen staff, they represent an Arab and Jewish work team. They both describe feeling as if they are creating what Messer calls a 鈥渕ini-cosmos鈥� through the gallery. 鈥淲hat is nice about this work is that we feel like we are doing it together,鈥� says Messer. 鈥淲e鈥檙e still very much connected to Beit HaGefen and the festival but also of creating something of our own within what is taking place.鈥澛�
***
The idea for the Holiday of Holidays began with a quirk of the calendar. A group of artists and activists in the city realized one year that Christmas, Hanukkah, and Ramadan would all be overlapping that December. So they decided to seize on the rare alignment and create a new tradition, a festival honoring the major religions represented in the city 鈥� and the country.
It was December 1993. The Oslo Accords had been signed on the White House lawn just three months earlier, consummated by the historic handshake of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat. A few months later the Nobel Committee would award the two of them, along with Shimon Peres, the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to ease hostilities in the region. It seemed Israelis and Palestinians might finally be heading toward peace after a century of conflict.聽
Today the promise of Oslo 鈥� two peaceful coexisting states, one Israeli and one Palestinian 鈥� seems a distant dream, even among those who once championed the accord.聽
In some ways the Holiday of Holidays is a relic of that period of hope. Its organizers and supporters say that Haifa is a model for the rest of the country鈥檚 relations between its Jewish majority and Arab minority even as the larger political situation remains stubbornly stagnant.聽
When the festival was conceived, it was decided that Wadi Nisnas, a working-class Arab neighborhood on the doorstep of Beit HaGefen, would be the focus of the activities. Local artists, both Jewish and Arab, were recruited to create art installations in coordination with others in the community to hang on the homes and walls of its winding alleyways.聽
鈥淚t was a time of great freedom for the artists who involved the community in this vision of creating a new shared holiday,鈥� says Dan Chamizer, one of the original artists to work on the festival. 鈥淲e set out to do what seemed at first impossible: to create a new tradition by getting to know each other鈥檚 cultures. We were Jews and Arabs working together and not shying away from talking about what was painful.鈥澛�
Mr. Chamizer points to the work of one artist at the time who painted over the boarded-up windows of a home in Wadi Nisnas. The house was owned by an Arab family that had left Haifa amid the Arab-Israeli conflict of 1948, the year of Israel鈥檚 birth, and never returned. It was one of many Arab-owned properties in the city that the newly formed state labeled 鈥渁bandoned鈥� and in some cases left empty. The artist found black-and-white photographs of the original owners of the house and pasted them over the windows.聽
After the war, Israel didn鈥檛 allow most Palestinian refugees to return to their homes, dramatically shifting the demographics of Haifa. At the end of 1947, the city had a split population of some 70,000 Jewish residents and 70,000 Palestinians. Just a few months later, in April 1948, only 4,000 Palestinians remained. Today about 10 percent of Haifa鈥檚 280,000 residents are Arab citizens.聽
***
Haifa鈥檚 unusual mixed culture today is partly a function of its past. Nestled between the slopes of Mount Carmel and the Mediterranean Sea, it started out as a small port city in the Bronze Age. Haifa was ruled by some of the world鈥檚 dominant empires and peoples 鈥� from the Canaanites, Romans, and Crusaders to the Ottomans and British.聽
Its lack of significant sites tied to the region鈥檚 three main monotheistic religions has contributed to its more tolerant ethos. 鈥淚t鈥檚 more normal than other cities in Israel because Moses wasn鈥檛 here, Jesus wasn鈥檛 here, and Muhammad wasn鈥檛 here,鈥� jokes Maher Mahamid, who is director of Beit HaGefen鈥檚 library and in charge of the Holiday of Holidays programming for children.聽
The lack of religious connections, which has fueled political tension in Jerusalem, allows Haifa to do what it seems to do best: simply go about its business. An old Israeli saying goes, 鈥淚n Jerusalem they pray, in Tel Aviv they party, in Haifa they work.鈥澛�
鈥淭here鈥檚 no magic here, just that economic considerations have always come first over political considerations,鈥� says Mr. Mahamid.聽
Modern Haifa cannot be understood fully without looking back to its time under British rule from 1918 to 1948, according to Motti Golani, a professor of Jewish history at Tel Aviv University. In other cities of that period Arabs and Jews lived near each other, but not usually in the same neighborhoods as they did in Haifa. Jews here often understood or spoke Arabic and Arabs often spoke Hebrew or even Yiddish.聽
Both Arabs and Jews held prominent positions in the municipality and the public workforce was mixed, which set a tone of cooperation.
The British transformed what was just a town under Ottoman rule into a modern metropolis, envisioning it as the most important crossroads in the Middle East. They built the large, deep-water port that Israel still uses today as its main outlet to the sea, as well as a railway spur to Baghdad and oil pipeline to Mosul.聽
鈥淭he British made Haifa a real city,鈥� says Dr. Golani. Although Jews arriving from Europe tended to live on Mount Carmel and the Arabs near the sea, the British built up an area in between where both groups worked and some settled.聽
A key to the economic success and political stability of the city was that there was a strong liberal middle class and a strong working class among both Arabs and Jews. The diversity of the community was so striking that it prompted the British High Commissioner for Palestine to pay a visit in 1946 to see what could be learned from Haifa鈥檚 example.聽
But as the 1948 war played out, so did a mass exodus of Palestinians from the city. The Arabs assumed they would return when the fighting ended. According to Golani, Haifa鈥檚 Jews wanted their Palestinian neighbors to return, too, but the new government ministers of Israel decided otherwise.聽
Those Arabs who did resettle in Haifa were mostly refugees displaced from towns and villages in Galilee. And the first and second generation tended to focus on making a living over politics. But the current younger generation in their 20s and 30s, who came of age during the second intifada, more openly identify with being Palestinian. They feel that they cannot rely on Israel to protect their rights, but have to claim them for themselves. They have been leaving an indelible mark on Haifa culturally and politically.
A growing number of cafes, galleries, and event spaces have opened in the city owned and frequented by young, liberal Palestinian Israelis. Some of the young people come from Haifa, and others, like Abed, were drawn here at first to study 鈥� about 40 percent of the University of Haifa is made up of Arab students 鈥� but have decided to stay.
鈥淭here is an ease of being here; it feels like a place one can start something new,鈥� says Abed.
One often hears more Arabic emanating from the city鈥檚 spots that cater to Palestinian Israeli customers, but young Jews frequent the new venues, too. 鈥淚t鈥檚 amazing to be there,鈥� Abed says of Fattoush Bar and Gallery,聽 an industrial space in the style of New York鈥檚 Brooklyn borough, with a restaurant, long bar, and long lines to get in. 鈥淚t鈥檚 like having another home in the city.鈥�
While Arabs and Jews may mingle more easily here than in other Israeli cities, tensions do exist. Amjad Iraqi, who moved to Haifa for its liberalism and tolerance four years ago, faults the city for its neglect of poorer Arab neighborhoods and for attempts by authorities to muzzle those who assert their Palestinian identity too overtly.聽
A Gaza solidarity demonstration in Haifa last May, which sparked clashes between police and protesters, was a reminder that relations can still be fragile. 鈥淭here is an idea of coexistence here that means you are to silence your Palestinian identity, become Arab Israeli and not Palestinian,鈥� says an Iraqi who is a contributing editor for +972 Magazine, an online publication that analyzes events in Israel and the Palestinian areas.聽
***
Organizers of the Holiday of Holidays are well aware of the strains in the city. Asaf Ron, the director of Beit HaGefen, acknowledges that some Palestinian Israeli artists have chosen not to participate in the event. He understands, he says, why some would not want to be associated with a gathering they feel is linked to a state that discriminates against them.
The longtime educator, who has close-cropped silver hair and a ready smile, took the job at Beit HaGefen eight years ago. He grew up in Haifa, in a Jewish neighborhood where he did not have Arab friends. One of his first memories is as a first-grader placing sandbags and blackening out windows during the Arab-Israeli conflict of 1967.聽
鈥淭he third generation [of Palestinian Israelis] after 1948 is going through a process of becoming more nationalist,鈥� says Mr. Ron. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not unlike the first two generations after the Holocaust. The first did not talk, the second did not know, and the third speaks out. These were two very different events, but the process is similar.鈥澛�
Outside his open window bells toll from neighboring churches.聽
鈥淭he state tries to squash and forbid a Palestinian identity here because it threatens us,鈥� he goes on. 鈥淏ut I say, on the contrary, the only way we can have a strong identity is to live with one another. Otherwise we keep on playing this zero-sum game.鈥澛�
Among the new art installations he is especially excited for visitors to experience is Emi Sfard鈥檚 鈥淐inderella鈥� digital art series. It tells four different versions of the Cinderella story, each from the 19th century and each representing a different community in Israel, in this case Moroccan, Russian, Palestinian, and French.
鈥淚n the end it shows the beauty of each culture and how we can see them in an equal way,鈥� says Ms. Sfard.
Ron sees the job of the center, and its flagship event, the Holiday of Holidays, as laying the infrastructure for Arabs and Jews to understand each other better, to listen and make room for both people鈥檚 historical narratives even as they debate and disagree.聽
Goshen, the cultural director of Beit HaGefen, echoes that point. She says the example of the gathering, brief as it is, shows this concept of shared society, a place where Arabs and Jews can live together and lead equal lives.聽
鈥淚 know all our issues are not being solved in this festival,鈥� she says. 鈥淏ut even having this kind of exposure to thinking a little bit differently is a seed we have to plant.鈥澛�
Some critics believe this is gauzy naivet茅. They argue that people really come to the festival for the food, not the message of unity. But Ron disagrees.聽
鈥淚 don鈥檛 think people come for the hummus or the knafeh,鈥� he says. 鈥淚 think they come for the hope.鈥�
