海角大神

In the attack on a gay nightclub in Orlando, the self-declared Islamic State underscored once again its favored weapon in its war on the West: lone wolves.

Around the time of his deadly rampage at the Pulse nightclub early Sunday morning, which left 49 dead and more than 50 wounded, Omar Mateen reportedly pledged allegiance to IS in a call to 911.听

But that may have been the extent of his contact with the terrorist organization.听

The manner in which Mr. Mateen pledged loyalty, or baya, points to him being a lone wolf, or at the very least, newly indoctrinated. In his 911 call, Mateen reportedly pledged allegiance to Islamic State itself, rather than claiming his attack in the name of a certain cleric or leader such as self-anointed 鈥渃aliph鈥� Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, as is custom for jihadis.

Nonetheless, the Amaq News Agency, a semi-official media arm of IS, later announced that the group claimed responsibility for the actions of an "Islamic State fighter," and on Monday, the IS radio station, al-Bayan, named Mateen as 鈥渙ne of the soldiers of the caliphate in America.鈥澨�

The Islamic State's embrace of Mateen reflects its confidence in what counterterrorism experts say has become the group鈥檚 preferred mode of attack in the US 鈥� a no-risk, high-reward tactic that instantly gives the group media exposure and expands its reach into the heart of America.

The increasing reliance on 鈥渓one wolves鈥� has also become a tactical necessity, experts say, as potential IS supporters in the US face several obstacles preventing them from traveling to IS territory in Iraq and Syria to receive training or arms.

鈥淭he difference between an inspired attack and a directed attack is training 鈥� which ISIS can鈥檛 do in the US, so it is relying on the former,鈥� says Patrick Skinner, a former CIA case officer and counterterrorism expert at The Soufan Group.听鈥淭he last Ramadan statement said specifically to attack the West 鈥� you don鈥檛 have to come to Syria, to the caliphate 鈥� just go out and attack.鈥�

A popular image

IS supporters were quick to promote the Orlando attack on social media, posting a flurry of images of wolves with the hashtag #OrlandoExplosion in Arabic, promising further IS-inspired terror.

In one split-screen showing an IS fighter set to behead a prisoner and a wolf鈥檚 head, the caption reads: 鈥渢he West has lone muscles, Islam has lone wolves,鈥� while another stated, 听鈥淚 am the wolf that terrorizes the land of the infidels 鈥� it is a duty to eliminate the treacherous.鈥�

Al Krar (Twitter handle @alkrarr__), another IS supporter, had perhaps the most ominous post: a graphic of a shower head raining water over a brain stating: 鈥淲e鈥檒l enter your kids鈥� and family鈥檚 brain and make them Islamic State supporters鈥�

Call to arms

The Orlando shooting comes a few short weeks after IS spokesman Abu Mohamed al-Adnani听called on ISIS supporters to carry out a series of 鈥渄evastating鈥� attacks in the US during the holy month of Ramadan, which began June 6 and runs through early July.

Vowing a month of 鈥渃alamities,鈥� Mr. Adnani urged followers to strike 鈥渢he heart鈥� of Europe and the US.

鈥淭his call specifically goes out to the supporters of the Islamic Caliphate in Europe and America鈥�. The smallest action you do in the heart of their land is dearer to us than the largest action by us,鈥� Adnani said in a recorded statement released May 21.

In the case of the Paris attacks, where 11 men targeted six sites, IS used operatives who received training and material support from Syria, and unleashed maximum carnage in a carefully orchestrated plot.

With "inspired" lone-wolf attacks, however, IS is most likely unable to control the target or the timing of the attack, or ensure its success, counterterrorism experts say.

The attack last December on a regional center in San Bernardino, Calif., had no symbolic significance to the group, yet the deadly shooting succeeded in striking fear and uncertainty in the United States. Another IS supporter last year, however, targeted a Garland, Texas, event depicting Mohammad cartoons.

The location of the Orlando attack, meanwhile, may provide an instance of perfect convergence of Mateen's personal hatred and IS's radical beliefs.听Mateen had expressed deep anger toward gays, aligning him with IS, which听brutally executes suspected homosexuals in its territories and spews antigay rhetoric. Its followers celebrated the shooting on social media, calling for further attacks on LGBT individuals.

Difficult to track

The IS approach poses a difficult challenge to security specialists. Counterterrorism and law-enforcement agencies in the West have grown accustomed to the Al Qaeda model, which听requires months of training and planning.That gives counterterrorism agencies or US allies in the Middle East more opportunity to discover them.听

But in this case, the FBI had twice investigated Mateen, first in 2013 for 鈥渋nflammatory statements鈥� to coworkers suggesting extremist ties, and again in 2014 for potential links to Moner Mohammed Abusalha, a fellow Fort Pierce, Fla., native who became the first American to carry out a suicide attack in Syria.

With no credible links to a terrorist group, no known contacts with terrorist agents or travel to countries where extremist cells are active, the FBI lacked evidence to pursue its investigation. Had Mateen been a follower of Al Qaeda, experts say, his record would have likely showed some connections that would have raised red flags.

鈥淎l Qaeda remains a very deliberate, at times slow, organization that has a top-down and controlled approach, which can be tracked by security agencies. ISIS is decentralized,鈥� says Hassan Abu Haniya, an Amman, Jordan-based expert in jihadist groups.

The best way to prevent copycat lone wolves, short of curbing civil liberties at home,听say counterterrorism analysts, may be degrading ISIS鈥檚 ability abroad, destroying its image as a self-proclaimed caliphate.

The Orlando attack came at a time IS is losing territory in Sirte, Libya, and Minbaj, Syria, and is fending off an offensive by Iraqi forces threatening to drive it from Fallujah. However, the group will capitalize on the Orlando attack 鈥� and any future lone wolves 鈥� as rare good news for the group.

鈥淭he narrative yesterday was that ISIS was losing in Libya, losing in Syria, and close to losing Fallujah,鈥� Mr. Skinner said.听鈥淭oday the headline is that ISIS is rising and carried out the worst terrorist attack since 9/11 鈥� and they didn鈥檛 even know the guy who did it.鈥�

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