海角大神

If you edited a 鈥渞eformist鈥� newspaper in Iran in the late 1990s, you bolted wire mesh screens to your windows to deflect grenade attacks and聽ringed your office with a wrought-iron fence聽with sharpened tines. 聽

Back then, reform-leaning journalists were the frontline of a political and cultural war in Iran. As title after title was shut down, newsrooms were regularly assaulted by hard-line vigilantes.聽

The clash continues in the new era of centrist President Hassan Rouhani, but its character has changed. The reformist Shargh newspaper has no sign marking its offices, but it also has no anti-grenade screens.

鈥淎t that time there were plainclothes pressure groups, hardliners were prevalent, and reformists were radicals,鈥� says Davood Mohammadi, the chief editor of Shargh. 鈥淣ow both sides have changed. Now hardliners accept critics and do not attack newspapers in the same way鈥�they calculated the cost of those actions.鈥�

The fate of newspapers is one window into Iran鈥檚 larger political stand-off. Mr. Rouhani, who defeated a raft of conservative rivals last June,聽wants more open publishing. Fundamentalists reject that and want to deny Rouhani any victory.

鈥淭hey want to send a message to people who support change that Rouhani coming to office will change nothing,鈥� says Mr. Mohammadi. 鈥淐ritics of [Rouhani] know if they frustrate the people, they can easily defeat the government... They want to prevent the government from sending the message to the people that change is coming.鈥�

鈥淸Conservative] critics want Mr. Rouhani to solve the nuclear issue, but make no other changes,鈥� adds Mohammadi. 鈥淏ut the people want to see developments in the nuclear聽and聽other issues. The battle starts here: [critics] want to suppress the press; the government wants to open it.鈥澛�

Iran鈥檚 reformists have matured in their expectations. They've shifted from the demands for fast, radical change of the past 鈥� which provoked the hard-line backlash聽more than a decade ago聽鈥� to recognizing that change must be gradual if it is going to stick.

Mr. Rouhani has heeded聽the lessons of that earlier era under reformist President Mohammad Khatami, says the Shargh editor. 鈥淭hat experience showed that the popular will is not enough, that you should have some [institutional] capability to make changes."

But powerful political backing is not enough either: The eight-year presidency of arch-conservative Mahmoud Ahmadinejad聽also聽failed, despite its backing by parliament and the powerful Revolutionary Guard.

鈥淚t shows that even the political structure [alone] is not enough to succeed; popular support is a key to success,鈥� says Mohammadi.

Reformist newspaper offices no longer need to be fortresses, but the media is still under attack. Two hard-line publications have been shut down聽by the press supervisory board for their loud criticism聽in recent months, the latest just today.聽But聽a pro-Rouhani newspaper has also been shut down,聽for the technical issue of using the word "inhumane" in reference to Islamic law.聽

The new closures may raise issues about media openness, but are far removed from the physical attacks of the past.

"The atmosphere has not changed, the pressure continues [under Rouhani], but our spirit has been boosted," says Maziar Khosravi, the political editor of Shargh who was held at Evin prison in 2009 and 2010, for a total of more than four months. "We hope. This is a [media] revolution of hope."

But Rouhani鈥檚 promises of openness require a balancing act.

鈥淗e knows that one action is worth 1,000 words, so he must concentrate on these actions, because if [Rouhani] fails to keep his promise, he knows it will dishearten the people鈥�and that frustration is dangerous," Mohammadi says.