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Saudi Arabia鈥檚 execution Wednesday of a Sri Lankan maid, charged at age 17 with killing a baby left in her care, highlights the often abysmal conditions faced by hundreds of thousands of foreigners who come to the kingdom to serve as drivers, maids, and gardeners.

With as many as 1.5 million foreigners employed as domestic workers, Saudi Arabia represents one of the world's largest markets for such help. But it is by no means the most hospitable. Domestic workers log more time on the job 鈥� 63.7 hours per week 鈥� than those in any other sector in the country, yet they are afforded none of the protections granted to other employees, according to an .

Employers, who routinely take their domestic workers鈥� passports upon arrival to prevent any attempts at escape, can require them to work an unlimited number of hours per week. While workers make enough to send millions back to their families in remittances, they are not legally entitled to weekly rest or paid leave, and there is no minimum wage requirement. Human Rights Watch and others beatings, rape, and effective slavery, with some employers withholding payment all together.

鈥淭o the best of my knowledge, the foreigners do not have any rights or protections under Saudi law, which is one reason why it鈥檚 desirable to have them,鈥� says Thomas Lippman, author of 鈥淪audi Arabia on the Edge: The Uncertain Future of an American Ally.鈥�

鈥淭hey鈥檙e not going to organize or make trouble because they can immediately be deported or, for that matter, put to the sword.鈥�

'Woe unto them'

The ILO has highlighted the vulnerability of domestic workers worldwide, whose numbers have grown by 50 percent 鈥� to at least 52.6 million 鈥� in the past two decades. A vast majority 鈥撀爉ore than 80 percent 鈥撀爋f those workers are women, and many don鈥檛 even have a high school diploma.

With the exception of Jordan, the Middle East as a whole is notorious for not affording enough legal protections to domestic workers; some 99 percent of workers fall outside the jurisdiction of existing labor laws, the ILO estimates. While Lebanon, Kuwait, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates have taken some steps to improve their conditions, Saudi Arabia remains one of the most precarious places for them to work.

鈥淚f you go into a Saudi supermarket 鈥� you鈥檒l see small groups of Filipino women and they鈥檙e chatting with each other and if they have decent jobs 鈥� they鈥檙e OK,鈥� says Mr. Lippman, who covered Saudi Arabia for many years as a journalist and frequently returns. 鈥淏ut woe unto them if they fall afoul of the system.鈥�

That鈥檚 not just because they鈥檙e foreign, he contends. After all, foreigners make up roughly 90 percent of Saudi Arabia鈥檚 workforce 鈥� only a fraction of them engaged as domestic workers. Instead, their mistreatment 鈥� including the execution of the maid today 鈥� often stems from cultural, ethnic, or racial prejudices. 鈥淗ad she been British, she would have been put on a plane long before now,鈥� says Lippman.

'Out of step'

Amnesty International condemned the execution of Rizana Nafeek, whose trial was widely seen as flawed. She maintained that the baby choked while she was bottling-feeding him. Earlier this week, that 鈥渁 disproportionate number of foreign nationals, mainly migrant workers from countries in the global South, have been executed in Saudi Arabia over recent years.鈥�

鈥淒espite a chorus of pleas for Saudi Arabian authorities to step in and reconsider Rizana Nafeek鈥檚 death sentence, they went ahead and executed her anyway, proving once more regarding the use of the death penalty,鈥� said Philip Luther, director of Amnesty International鈥檚 Middle East and North Africa 笔谤辞驳谤补尘.听

Of the two main English newspapers in Saudi Arabia, the more mainstream Arab News did not even mention Ms. Nafeek鈥檚 execution today, instead choosing to cover everything from new jobs programs for people with special needs to residency and work-permit violators who were caught selling hot and cold beverages to truck drivers in Jeddah.

The more edgy Saudi Gazette but focused mainly on Sri Lanka鈥檚 anger over the incident. It did note, however, that an Indonesia maid also faces the death penalty for killing a child, and an Ethiopian maid is being investigated for trying to kill her sponsor鈥檚 son.

While advocates for labor reform face an uphill battle in Saudi, there is at least more of a collective awareness of the problem now than even 15 years ago, says Lippman.

Nafeek鈥檚 story was the second most-viewed article on the Saudi Gazette website yesterday evening.

One reader identifying himself as Abu Sabri, decried her 鈥渦njust鈥� killing. 鈥淩izana survived a war, and the tsunami. Abject poverty made her leave her family to work as a housemaid to support her family鈥�. Why would she kill a baby a few days after her coming unless she was insane. Then she is not guilty鈥�. This is not justice. Rizana has been killed unjustly!!!!鈥�