EU leaders in a race against time to agree on first AI regulations
| London
The generative AI boom has sent governments worldwide scrambling to regulate the emerging technology, but it also has raised the risk of upending a European Union push to approve the world鈥檚 first comprehensive artificial intelligence rules.聽
The 27-nation bloc鈥檚 Artificial Intelligence Act has been hailed as a pioneering rulebook. But with time running out, it鈥檚 uncertain if the EU鈥檚 three branches of government can thrash out a deal Dec. 6 in what officials hope is a final round of closed-door talks.
Europe鈥檚 years-long efforts to draw up AI guardrails聽have been bogged down by the recent emergence of generative AI systems like OpenAI鈥檚 ChatGPT, which have dazzled the world with their ability to produce human-like work but raised fears about the risks they pose.
Those concerns have driven the United States, United Kingdom,聽China, and global coalitions like the Group of 7 major democracies into the race to regulate the rapidly developing technology, though they鈥檙e still catching up to Europe.
Besides regulating generative AI,聽EU negotiators need to resolve a long list of other thorny issues, such as a full ban on police use of facial recognition systems, which have stirred privacy concerns.
Chances of clinching a political agreement聽between EU lawmakers, representatives from member states, and executive commissioners 鈥渁re pretty high partly because all the negotiators want a political win鈥� on a flagship legislative effort, said Kris Shrishak, a senior fellow specializing in AI governance at the Irish Council for Civil Liberties.
鈥淏ut the issues on the table are significant and critical, so we can鈥檛 rule out the possibility of not finding a deal,鈥� he said.
Some 85% of the technical wording in the bill already has been agreed on, Carme Artigas, AI and digitalization minister for Spain, which holds the rotating EU presidency, said at a press briefing Dec. 5 in Brussels.
If a deal isn鈥檛 reached in the latest round of talks, starting the afternoon of Dec. 6 and expected to run late into the night, negotiators will be forced to pick it up next year. That raises the odds the legislation could get delayed until after EU-wide elections in June 鈥� or go in a different direction as new leaders take office.
One of the major sticking points is foundation models, the advanced systems that underpin general purpose AI services like OpenAI鈥檚 ChatGPT and Google鈥檚 Bard chatbot.聽
Also known as large language models, these systems are trained on vast troves of written works and images scraped off the internet. They give generative AI systems the ability to create something new, unlike traditional AI, which processes data and completes tasks using predetermined rules.
The AI Act was intended as product safety legislation, like similar EU regulations for cosmetics, cars, and toys. It would grade AI uses according to four levels of risk 鈥� from minimal or no risk posed by video games and spam filters to unacceptable risk聽from social scoring systems that judge people based on their behavior.
The new wave of general purpose AI systems released since the legislation鈥檚 first draft in 2021 spurred European lawmakers to beef up the proposal to cover foundation models.
Researchers have warned that powerful foundation models, built by a handful of big tech companies, could be used to supercharge online disinformation and manipulation,聽cyberattacks, or creation of bioweapons. They act as basic structures for software developers building AI-powered services so that 鈥渋f these models are rotten, whatever is built on top will also be rotten 鈥� and deployers won鈥檛 be able to fix it,鈥� said Avaaz, a nonprofit advocacy group.
France, Germany, and Italy have resisted the update to the legislation and are calling instead for self-regulation 鈥� a change of heart seen as a bid to help homegrown generative AI players, such as French startup Mistral AI and Germany鈥檚 Aleph Alpha, compete with big U.S. tech companies like OpenAI.
Brando Benifei, an Italian member of the European Parliament who is co-leading the body鈥檚 negotiating efforts, was optimistic about resolving differences with member states.
There鈥檚 been 鈥渟ome movement鈥� on foundation models, though there are 鈥渕ore issues on finding an agreement鈥� on facial recognition systems, he said.
This story was reported by The Associated Press. Matt O鈥橞rien contributed from Providence, Rhode Island.
