What a lockdown means when home is hundreds of miles away
| New Delhi
Late last month, as India鈥檚 transport came to a halt and its residents prepared for lockdown, Prakash Meghwal began a long walk home. With roughly a dollar and a half in his pocket, and three other people for company, he traced his way through forested land, careful to avoid the main roads whenever possible. Small roadside shops provided them some food during the day and shelter outside their shuttered fronts at night.聽
鈥淲e were scared,鈥� Mr. Meghwal says. 鈥溾�榃hat just happened?鈥� we wondered. We have never experienced anything like this before in our lifetime.鈥� Six days later, having covered more than 90 miles on foot, he reached his village in Rajasthan state.
For over a decade, Mr. Meghwal worked as a waiter in the tourist hill town Mount Abu, and sent money to his family of six back home. But suddenly, with the new coronavirus shutting down business, there was no work or wages, and he was forced to return home. His household no longer has a source of income.
Why We Wrote This
鈥淪tay at home鈥� is a common refrain as countries announce lockdowns against COVID-19. But that can be practically impossible for society鈥檚 most vulnerable. That challenge has played out on a massive scale in India.
In the face of a pandemic, a of the global population is under some form of lockdown, and countries are grappling with how to balance health and the economy聽鈥� particularly for society鈥檚 most vulnerable. And on March 24, with only four hours鈥� notice, India began the world鈥檚 biggest test yet: Prime Minister Narendra Modi ordered the entire country of 1.3 billion people to stay indoors for 21 days.
Editor鈥檚 note: As a public service,聽all our coronavirus coverage聽is free. No paywall.
The announcement did not include any concrete transport, safety, or economic measures for India鈥檚 roughly 400 million informal workers, who are estimated to make up of the total workforce and live without a safety net. With businesses and establishments shut down, they lost their daily wages; many of the country鈥檚 roughly 100 million migrant workers have also lost the roof over their head. Balancing either the belongings on their heads or young children on their shoulders, hundreds of thousands tried to walk back home.聽
Many have faced hunger and . 22 migrants have died on the way.
Some states organized buses to help the migrants, but bus stops quickly became . A few days later, fearing a surge in coronavirus cases due to the movement of migrants, the central government ordered states to seal their borders. It food and cash assistance, forbade migrants鈥� landlords from demanding rent for a month, and ordered that businesses must pay wages for the duration of the lockdown. But the crisis has shone a spotlight on inequalities that predate COVID-19. Those disparities are likely to endure beyond this particular crisis.
鈥淚ndia鈥檚 economic growth model is based on the cheap labour of rural-to-urban migrants who often work for less than minimum wages in its high growth sectors. Yet they remain an unenumerated, unrecognized presence in cities,鈥� excluded from many welfare programs, says Nivedita Jayaram of the nonprofit Aajeevika Bureau, which advocates for migrants and laborers. 鈥淭here is an absolute gap ... the inability of the governments to be able to tell how many migrants are in a city, let alone reach them. The pandemic and lockdown has only exposed this fundamental flaw in India's policy design.鈥�
Most migrants are not included in the Public Distribution System, which entitles poor families to subsidized grains. Owing to the long list of intermediaries involved in employing a migrant worker, the order to pay wages is difficult to enforce too.聽
Some states have tried to boost migrants鈥� support: Kerala, for example, was one of the first states to enhance social security pensions and set up shelters, and New Delhi has opened food centers. But more is needed, especially in smaller towns and far-flung areas 鈥渨here hunger is more stark and fear is more prevalent,鈥� says Suroor Mander, a lawyer and activist with the nonprofit Karwan-e Mohabbat.
鈥淭here is no simple answer to this tragic dilemma between two humanitarian crises聽鈥� the spread of the virus and the devastation caused by the lockdown 鈥� but some basic principles apply,鈥� says Jean Dr猫ze, an activist and visiting economics professor at the University of Ranchi. 鈥淥ne of them is that no one should be allowed to starve.鈥�
More than hunger
Living in overcrowded homes or shelters, India鈥檚 workers have been left more vulnerable to the pandemic. But with such a large population already struggling with hunger, additional measures to address their health and safety have been pushed to the brink. In one state, returning migrants were asked to squat on the road, and with a bleaching agent.聽
According to Manisha Dutta, a public health professional in Udaipur, there continues to be inconsistent, inadequate information about the pandemic, which has led to confusion and fear among migrant workers. Returning migrants are reportedly being screened for the coronavirus in a number of states, but she is worried it isn鈥檛 rigorous enough.
Teachers and health workers have hurriedly been asked to step in and screen returnees. Most of them are at the front lines without safety gear and have not received proper training, Ms. Dutta says. In addition, 鈥渢here are also a number of horrible rumors doing the rounds, some that refer to migrants being disease carriers and taken away by the police. ... So this has all been really intimidating for them.鈥澛�
At the best of times, accessing health care is challenging for many migrants. Among Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development members and partners, India has the number of hospital beds per 1,000 people. Mr. Meghwal said his young children are frequently ill, but he is no longer able to take them to the nearest health center, about 15 miles away, because of the lockdown.聽
Health experts are especially concerned about tuberculosis among migrant workers, particularly at a time when many will be malnourished. India has the highest TB burden in the world, , and the disease 聽poor and marginalized people.
Preparing for the long haul聽
Once India has provided adequate rations and cash distributions, experts warn, it needs to confront long-term challenges, including job creation.聽
鈥淭he migration system is broken now and this means there will be a shortage of labour in many sectors,鈥� says Dipa Sinha, professor of economics at Delhi鈥檚 Ambedkar University. 鈥淔or instance, this is harvest season in northern India, which relies on migrant farm labourers from states like Bihar. The crops can鈥檛 be allowed to simply go to waste.鈥澛�
The Mahatma Gandhi National Employment Rural Guarantee Act, which provides at least 100 days of paid employment per year to unskilled laborers, has come to a halt under the lockdown. In the longer run, however, workers鈥� advocates view it as to provide income to migrant workers who鈥檝e returned to their villages, and officials are asking for the strengthening of the act.聽
An ambitious One Nation One Ration Card scheme, which aims to make subsidized food available to workers who are currently left out, is scheduled to be operational in June. On-the-ground implementation , however.
The lockdown is scheduled to end Tuesday, but is likely to be extended. As the number of cases rises, many are calling for continued, but more humane, social distancing measures. But for now, many migrant workers鈥� main concern is their livelihood. With many rural areas鈥� economies focused on agriculture, returned workers face few job prospects.
鈥淭he plan is to go back as soon as I can. What other option is there?鈥� Mr. Meghwal says. 鈥淚 have to work and feed my family after all.鈥澛�
Editor鈥檚 note: As a public service,聽all our coronavirus coverage聽is free. No paywall.
