海角大神

Under pressure by growing crowds of protesters, the Indian government struck a deal Thursday with anticorruption campaigner Anna Hazare that allows him to publicly fast in New Delhi for 15 days.

Police initially tried to restrict Mr. Hazare to a three-day demonstration at a small venue. Mr. Hazare defied the restrictions and was brought to Tihar jail. He then refused to leave until many of the original protest restrictions were eased.

With the protest over the right to protest out of the way, the agitation now moves to the main event: Hazare鈥檚 hunger strike. By refusing food, Hazare aims to pressure the government to adopt a stronger anticorruption bill than the one currently before Parliament.

Government supporters have called the fast a form of 鈥渂lackmail鈥� and a subversion of representative democracy. But this has largely failed to convince the public, due to the historical respect here for civil disobedience, anger over a string of corruption scandals, and a percolating discontent with the current democratic setup.

鈥淭here are two sources of power. One is the state, the other is the renouncer [who] has moral power,鈥� says historian Harbans Mukhia. 鈥淗istory is a conflict between these two kinds of powers.鈥�

Debate over legitimacy of civil disobedience

India owes its independence to Mahatma Gandhi鈥檚 nonviolent tactics 鈥� including hunger strikes 鈥� against British state power. However, the drafter of the country's constitution, B.R. Ambedkar, argued in 1949 against civil disobedience in independent, democratic India.

鈥淲hen there was no way left for constitutional methods for achieving economic and social objectives, there was a great deal of justification for unconstitutional methods. But where constitutional methods are open, there can be no justification,鈥� wrote Ambedkar. 鈥淭hese methods are nothing but the Grammar of Anarchy.鈥�

This foundational debate was reprised in Wednesday鈥檚 remarkable session of Parliament. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh argued that all sides favor anticorruption legislation but differ on the details. In parliamentary democracy, he argued, those details should be hammered out by elected members of parliament 鈥� not street protesters.

鈥淭hose who believe that their voice and their voice alone represents the will of 1.2 billion people should reflect deeply on that position. They must allow the elected representatives of the people in Parliament to do the job that they were elected for,鈥� said Mr. Singh.

But following the arrest of 2,600 of Hazare鈥檚 supports in New Delhi, senior opposition leader Arun Jaitley appeared to capture the mood with his response.

鈥淗ow is it that this government has lost all sense of statecraft 鈥� of how political agitations are to be dealt with?鈥� said Mr. Jaitley. 鈥淵ou may not agree with what [critics] have to say, but how can you take away, snatch away, their right to say it?鈥�

For Professor Mukhia, the moment revealed Singh鈥檚 blind spot to power that lies outside state institutions.

鈥淗e鈥檚 never been a political person, he鈥檚 always been a technocrat,鈥� says Mukhia. 鈥淗e doesn鈥檛 have the political instincts鈥� of people like Sonia Gandhi, the ruling party president. Ms. Gandhi, who chose Singh as prime minister and wields power behind-the-scenes, is convalescing abroad.

Has the middle class lost faith in elections?

Still, some observers have been perturbed by the way Hazare鈥檚 supporters discount the legitimacy of the ballot box. Indian elections often see turnout of 60 percent or higher. By most accounts, the election watchdog agency remains strong and independent. Voters recently succeeded in ejecting the ruling coalition of the state government in Tamil Nadu for corruption 鈥� something Hazare鈥檚 supporters could try instead of protests.

鈥淚鈥檓 a little worried with people losing faith in elected institutions. The answer would be to boycott the next elections,鈥� says one academic, whose current government position means he cannot be named.

The poor vote in droves while the smaller middle class 鈥� which forms the backbone of Hazare鈥檚 street support 鈥� often don鈥檛 show up. Many in the middle class are disillusioned with the idea of bringing change through voting because of perceptions that people鈥檚 votes are bought or banked along caste lines.

鈥淓ighty to 85 percent don鈥檛 even know if the person they voted for is in power or not,鈥� says Anand Kumar, a chef at a five-star hotel in Delhi who turned out for protests this week.

A push to deepen Indian democracy

Protest leaders point out that they are trying to work with the government, which has been entangled in a string of high-level corruption scandals. Singh agreed in April to bring them into the bill-drafting process. But their recommendations were subsequently dropped 鈥� leaving Hazare鈥檚 activists without input and, they say, with little choice but to protest.

鈥淚 don鈥檛 think this is a democratic government,鈥� says P.V. Rajagopal, an activist on Hazare鈥檚 core committee. 鈥淲e have elections every five years, 鈥� there is a debate in Parliament, there is an opposition party 鈥� and I鈥檓 proud of it. But in 65 years, we haven鈥檛 tried to deepen democracy in India.

鈥淲e need to move from a crude democracy to a participatory democracy, where elected people are accountable to the people,鈥� he says.