海角大神

Nearly 800,000 voters participated in an unofficial 鈥渄emocracy referendum鈥� in Hong Kong, organizers said聽Monday, in a boost to a pro-democracy movement that wants Beijing to allow the former British territory to nominate and elect its own chief executive.

The robust turnout 鈥� over 10 percent of Hong Kong鈥檚 population cast a vote either online, in person, or via mobile phone 鈥� is a signal that hundreds of thousands may turn out for an annual protest march聽on Tuesday, activists say. The July 1 march marks the anniversary of the date when London returned the territory to Beijing in 1997.

China has condemned the referendum, calling it that would "(hold) back the progress of universal suffrage" in the wealthy city-state. 聽

The referendum鈥檚 organizers, a group called Occupy Central for Peace and Love, have threatened for months to occupy Hong Kong鈥檚 downtown financial district, known as Central, if their demands for a transparent electoral process were not met. Although Occupy Central鈥檚 leaders have indicated that they won鈥檛 launch their occupation after the march聽on Tuesday, several affiliated student groups say that they may hold overnight vigils.

The protests could be the largest since half a million turned out to protest against a proposed national security law in 2003.

Occupy Central organizers had said beforehand that they'd be satisfied with 100,000 votes. The referendum far exceeded that, tapping into mounting concerns that Hong Kong鈥檚 freedoms are in jeopardy聽鈥� fears sparked by creeping self-censorship, violent attacks on pro-democracy media, and especially by the recent release of a聽聽white paper affirming the mainland鈥檚 ultimate authority over the wealthy finance center. 聽

In the early post-handover years 鈥渢hings were pretty much hands-off publicly, but over the years the people of Hong Kong now see Beijing directly getting involved, sometimes in very grassroots-level things,鈥� says Francis Moriarty, a veteran journalist and 25-year Hong Kong observer.

Last week, the Hong Kong affiliates of聽four major accounting firms, Ernst & Young, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte, and KPMG, published a half-page Chinese-language advertisement in the local press raising concerns about the threatened occupation of Central district.聽

Occupy Central with Love and Peace

In early 2013 a group known as Occupy Central with Love and Peace (OCLP) announced that it would organize 10,000 people for nonviolent civil disobedience to shut down Hong Kong鈥檚 financial district, known as Central, if the local government did not聽submit聽a proposal for genuine universal suffrage by聽July 1聽of this year. The group shares a similar name, but different goals, from the Occupy movement that started on Wall Street in 2011.聽

In 1997 when聽聽returned Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty, a mini-constitution agreed upon by Beijing and London, called the Basic Law, granted Hong Kong political and economic autonomy, while deferring to Beijing in defense and foreign affairs.

Although Basic Law allows for universal suffrage to select the chief executive, that promise has yet to be delivered. The unpopular current chief executive, Leung Chun-ying, is mockingly referred to by disgruntled locals, especially youth, by the nickname 鈥�689,鈥� the number of people who voted him into office.聽The chief executive of this territory of 7.2 million is currently selected by a committee of political and business elites who are mostly sympathetic to the Chinese Communist Party. 聽

聽tells Hong Kong it will allow universal suffrage for the next chief executive election in 2017, provided that it vets candidates, who must be 鈥減atriotic鈥� 鈥� a subjective term that has raised local concerns of 鈥渇ake democracy.鈥� China is threatening to disallow universal suffrage in the election if Hongkongers reject a system in which Beijing selects the candidates.聽

Mr. Leung鈥檚 government has done little to satisfy OCLP鈥檚 demands for democracy, focusing more on playing up the dangers of Occupy Central becoming violent rather than working on a compromise which could avoid the planned civil disobedience. 聽

White paper and self-censorship

In the referendum itself, voters are asked their opinions on two matters. The first question asks for a preference among three proposals for electing the next chief executive in 2017. The second question asks whether voters think Hong Kong鈥檚 legislature should veto a government proposal for the 2017 election if the proposal 鈥渃annot satisfy international standards allowing genuine choices by electors.鈥澛�

Despite being a non-binding vote, the referendum and the threat of a shutdown of Hong Kong鈥檚 financial district on聽July 1聽have provoked the control-obsessed Communist Party. The white paper issued by Beijing on June 10 said that Hong Kong鈥檚 autonomy is granted by the central government, not the Basic Law, suggesting that the rule of law that has enabled the territory to remain a global financial hub since the handover could be revoked at will.

Many in Hong Kong also fear the territory is drifting toward a censorship regime like that on China鈥檚 mainland, where聽on Tuesday聽the State Council Information Office in Beijing ordered all media outlets to find and delete all references to the current referendum, according聽聽to the University of California鈥檚 China Digital Times website.

鈥淭here鈥檚 definitely been a diminution of press freedom as it actually operates and an increase in self-censorship,鈥� says Mr. Moriarty.

A study on self-censorship conducted recently by the Hong Kong Journalists Association聽shows that, of the respondents, some 30 percent have admitted they themselves have engaged in self-censorship, he added.

Pressure to not publish articles that anger Beijing has grown in the past two years. In 2013, an unknown driver rammed a stolen car into the home of Jimmy Lai, publisher of pro-democracy Apple Daily, leaving a hand axe and machete. Earlier this year Kevin Lau, the former editor of the prominent聽newspaper Ming Pao,聽was attacked by two men with cleavers. Mr. Lau barely survived.聽

Cyber attacks 聽

The referendum is also battling cyber attacks.聽On June 13 the website聽聽launched preregistration and mock voting for the referendum, running smoothly for 30 hours before suffering what San Francisco-based internet service provider CloudFlare said was one of the largest distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks ever. During the DDoS attack, millions of requests per second were made to聽, overloading the site and causing it to cease functioning.

CloudFlare and two other firms were helping protect the website before the attack, but afterward only CloudFlare was willing to continue to assist the referendum, says Karie Pang at聽Hong Kong University鈥檚 Public Opinion Program, which was hired by Occupy Central to manage the referendum.聽Beijing is widely suspected to be behind the attack, but no evidence of who the attacker is has been uncovered. Pro-Beijing media have, which the company denies.

鈥淐loudFlare has been really good to us, they know that this is a big event for Hong Kong, which is why they鈥檝e stepped up their efforts in defending us from all those server attacks, and they have been successful,鈥� she said, adding that the attacks on the site have yet to stop.

Hong Kong resident Wong Suk-wai, who voted in the referendum, said she thought a greater say for the people of Hong Kong in governmental affairs would improve the running of the territory.

鈥淚 don鈥檛 have big hopes for universal suffrage or democracy, but I feel that it鈥檚 certainly better than the current political system,鈥� she says.

[Editor's note: This story was updated on June 30 after the release of the final polling data. The original version published June 27 is available here.]