海角大神

鈥⑻�A version of this post ran on the author's blog,听riorealblog.com.听The views expressed are the author's own.

Perhaps the only group of workers who are sure not to strike here听in the coming days are Rio鈥檚听trash collectors. During this past Carnival, with torrential rain in the offing, they pushed mayor Eduardo Paes to the wall and .

Probably the Military Police will stay on the job. , they went on strike and got a pay raise in addition to an existing听plan of increases and bonuses. Even so, , .

But the same cannot be said for Brazil鈥檚 Federal Police, counterpart of听the US Federal Bureau of Intelligence. A group of Federal Police, from whose ranks Jos茅 Mariano Beltrame听rose to his current post of state Public Safety Secretary, demonstrated [Wednesday May 7] for a pay raise and other benefits, .

Nor can the same be said for Rio鈥檚 municipal and state teachers, , complaining that their employers have not lived up to .

Bus employees, striking for 24 hours ending at midnight [last Thursday] .听Local media report the vandalism of 467 buses, but this is only five percent of the city鈥檚 fleet of 8,700, .听Strikers claim their union signed a 10 percent pay raise agreement without consulting them, but the union says the increase was duly voted on.

The question of just how much a union represents its members has been coming up more frequently, perhaps as a consequence of last year鈥檚 street protests. At that time, protesters coined the slogan 鈥�鈥�, as they criticized Brazilian politicians.

There is also the question of just how much the strikers represent real labor demands.听Because this is a gubernatorial and presidential听election year, some observers suspect that .

Here too lies a connection with the 2013 protests.听Until the death of a cameraman in February, downtown demonstrations featured black bloc members who often brought听them to a violent close. Few broad-ranging downtown protests have taken place since then. Instead, poor neighborhoods have increasingly听taken to street to protest police violence.

Though there听have been accusations made, of political parties and politicians paying protesters, and of drug traffickers forcing听favela residents to demonstrate, there is no way to determine to what degree people are truly speaking out and to what degree they are acting at the behest of others. Perhaps the only certainty is that violence is spreading in Brazil.

Notably, in S茫o Paulo protesters have begun to , key beneficiaries of Brazil鈥檚 mega-events.

While some observers say the public manifestations are听an expression of hopelessness, it could also be that pronounced social and economic change over the last decade have raised expectations. Brazilians long kept on the margin may now feel that demands made are more likely to be met; this was certainly the case with Rio鈥檚 trash collectors.

cites a 2,000-person-sample survey as well as听social scientists, who say the violence is spurred by a lack of faith in public institutions and little听dialogue between government and citizens. A sociologist compares Brazil to the 1950s and 1960s in the United States, when, he says, middle class growth led to racial conflict.

The federal government听says to ensure an adequate public safety response to protests during the World Cup.

Here and now, two-term governor S茅rgio Cabral recently stepped aside so his vice-governor Luiz Fernando 鈥淧ez茫o鈥� de Souza, his party鈥檚 succession candidate, could have some time in the limelight.听With听crime on the rise, the central issue of the local election is pacification, the public safety policy that halved the homicide rate and helped to turn around the city鈥檚 fortunes, from 2008 to 2012. Should pacification continue? Can it or should it be improved? What sort of additional police reform does Rio need and want?

Despite these tough questions,听the campaign hasn鈥檛 yet formally听begun. Meanwhile, the growing number of听street demonstrations听and听strikes, in addition to crime fighting, pacification needs, and the security demands posed by the听World Cup,听will certainly keep Mr. Pez茫o and the state鈥檚 police forces on their toes.

鈥� Julia Michaels, a long-time resident of Brazil, writes the blog听, which she describes as a constructive and critical view of Rio de Janeiro鈥檚 ongoing transformation.