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The annual Nobel Prize announcements听are underway with four of the 2023 awards unveiled so far by prize committees in Stockholm.

First up was the Nobel Prize in medicine, which was awarded Monday听to two scientists whose discoveries enabled the development of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.

On Tuesday, three scientists won the physics prize听for their work on how electrons zip around the atom in the tiniest fractions of seconds.

Three United States-based researchers shared the chemistry prize听on Wednesday for their study of quantum dots 鈥� tiny particles that can release very bright colored light and are used in electronics and medical imaging.

The Swedish Academy on Thursday awarded Norwegian writer Jon Fosse听the Nobel Prize in literature for works that 鈥済ive voice to the unsayable.鈥�

The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced Friday and the economics award on Oct. 9.

Here are some things to know about the Nobel Prizes:

An idea more powerful than dynamite听

The Nobel Prizes were created by Alfred Nobel, a 19th-century businessman and chemist from Sweden. He held more than 300 patents but his claim to fame before the Nobel Prizes was having invented dynamite by mixing nitroglycerine with a compound that made the explosive more stable.

Dynamite soon became popular in construction and mining as well as in the weapons industry. It made Mr. Nobel a very rich man. Perhaps it also made him think about his legacy, because toward the end of his life he decided to use his vast fortune to fund annual prizes 鈥渢o those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.鈥�

The first Nobel Prizes were presented in 1901, five years after his death. In 1968, a sixth prize was created, for economics, by Sweden鈥檚 central bank. Though Nobel purists stress that the economics prize is technically not a Nobel Prize, it鈥檚 always presented together with the others.

Peace in Norway听

For reasons that are not entirely clear, Mr. Nobel decided that the peace prize should be awarded in Norway and the other prizes in Sweden. Nobel historians suspect Sweden鈥檚 history of militarism may have been a factor.

During Mr. Nobel鈥檚 lifetime, Sweden and Norway were in a union, which the Norwegians reluctantly joined after the Swedes invaded their country in 1814. It鈥檚 possible that Mr. Nobel thought Norway would be a more suitable location for a prize meant to encourage 鈥渇ellowship among nations.鈥�

To this day, the Nobel Peace Prize听is a completely Norwegian affair, with the winners selected and announced by a Norwegian committee. The peace prize even has its own ceremony in the Norwegian capital of Oslo on Dec. 10 鈥� the anniversary of Nobel鈥檚 death 鈥� while the other prizes are presented in Stockholm.

What鈥檚 politics got to do with it?听

The Nobel Prizes project an aura of being above the political fray, focused solely on the benefit of humanity. But the peace and literature awards, in particular, are sometimes accused of being politicized. Critics question whether winners are selected because their work is truly outstanding or because it aligns with the political preferences of the judges.

The scrutiny can get intense for high-profile awards, such as in 2009, when President Barack Obama won the peace prize听less than a year after taking office.

The Norwegian Nobel Committee is an independent body that insists its only mission is to carry out the will of Alfred Nobel. However, it does have links to Norway鈥檚 political system. The five members are appointed by the Norwegian Parliament, so the panel鈥檚 composition reflects the power balance in the legislature.

To avoid the perception that the prizes are influenced by Norway鈥檚 political leaders, sitting members of the Norwegian government or Parliament are barred from serving on the committee. Even so, the panel isn鈥檛 always viewed as independent by foreign countries. When imprisoned Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo听won the peace prize in 2010, Beijing responded by freezing trade talks with Norway. It took years for Norway-China relations to be restored.

Gold and glory听

One reason the prizes are so famous is they come with a generous amount of cash. The Nobel Foundation, which administers the awards, raised the prize money by 10% this year to 11 million kronor (about $1 million). In addition to the money, the winners receive an 18-carat gold medal and diploma when they collect their Nobel Prizes at the award ceremonies in December.

Most winners are proud and humbled by joining the pantheon of Nobel laureates, from Albert Einstein to Mother Teresa. But two winners refused their Nobel Prizes: French writer Jean-Paul Sartre, who turned down the literature prize in 1964, and Vietnamese politician Le Duc Tho, who declined the peace prize that he was meant to share with U.S. diplomat Henry Kissinger in 1973.

Several others were not able to receive their awards because they were imprisoned, such as Belarusian pro-democracy activist Ales Bialiatski,听who shared last year鈥檚 peace prize with human rights groups in Ukraine and Russia.听

Lack of diversity听

Historically, the vast majority of Nobel Prize winners have been white men. Though that鈥檚 started to change, there is still little diversity among Nobel winners, particularly in the science categories.

With Tuesday鈥檚 physics announcement, 62 women have won Nobel Prizes, including 27 in the scientific categories. Only five women have won the physics award and just two have won the economics prize.

In the early days of the Nobel Prizes, the lack of diversity among winners could be explained by the lack of diversity among scientists in general. But today critics say the judges need to do a better job at highlighting discoveries made by women and scientists outside Europe and North America.

The prize committees say their decisions are based on scientific merit, not gender, nationality, or race. However, they are not deaf to the criticism. Five years ago,听the head of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said it had started to ask nominating bodies to make sure they don鈥檛 overlook 鈥渨omen or people of other ethnicities or nationalities in their nominations.鈥�

This story was reported by the Associated Press.听