海角大神

Jimmy Thorne says that relocating to Ghana is one of the best moves he鈥檚 ever made.

It doesn鈥檛 matter if he, an African-American, gets called 鈥渙broni,鈥� the local word for white person, in the streets, or if some of his family can鈥檛 quite figure out what he鈥檚 doing in this West African nation so far from his roots in North Carolina.

In his eight years in Ghana, he has found his wife, reconnected with God, and even manages to play golf daily. Ghana is home to him now.聽

鈥淥nce you accept it as your home, why wouldn鈥檛 you stay in your home?鈥� Mr. Thorne said. 鈥淭his is where we come from originally, so maybe that鈥檚 why we鈥檙e here. Maybe it鈥檚 divine providence.鈥�

Whether motivated by love, money, or the desire to rekindle a long-lost connection, black repatriation to Africa remains alive and well, even if it never quite became the high-volume, emotional return to African roots that initially captured the imagination of black intellectuals and celebrities like boxer Mohammad Ali decades ago.

Some 3,000 African-Americans live in this country of 25 million, according to the African-American Association of Ghana. Their migration is more a trickle than a flood, attracting mostly retirees who want to start charities, rediscover their roots, or simply relax, the association said.

Ghana has become the destination of choice for African-Americans looking for a spiritual home, if not an ancestral one, on the African continent.

鈥淲herever it is that we find ourselves, in Africa is where we should be," says Imahkus Okofu, who moved to Ghana from New York City 24 years ago and now runs a health spa and has authored books on repatriation. 鈥淲hether we come from Sierra Leone or Ghana, or wherever, we are the result of the transatlantic and European slave trade.鈥�

Ghana鈥檚 government has met the African-American embrace of its country cautiously.

Former Ghanaian President Jerry Rawlings passed legislation to grant an indefinite residence permit for people of African descent, and the country recently set up a new bureau to harness the country鈥檚 diaspora, including African-Americans, for development.

But African-Americans complain that it鈥檚 basically impossible to get that permit. Many add that the reception they receive from Ghanaians is less of brotherly embrace and more of puzzlement as to why they鈥檇 want to move to a place like Ghana, which has seen rapid economic growth in recent years but still struggles with widespread poverty.

鈥淭hey don鈥檛 quite understand why we would leave America and come to Ghana, to suffer, as they think,鈥� Mrs. Okofu says.

Since the 19th century, African-Americans have moved back to the continent in fits and starts.

Liberia was created in the 1800s century as a place for freed slaves to settle in; Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey is well known for his efforts in the early 20th century to develop the West African nation for African-Americans who wanted to move back.

The dual upheavals of the American civil rights movement and the end of colonialism in Africa saw a number of prominent African Americans move to newly independent African countries.

Controversial black power and civil rights activist Stokely Carmichael spent much of his later years in Guinea as a guest of the dictatorial President Ahmed S茅kou Tour茅.

But it was Ghana that has consistently captured the attentions of prospective immigrants.

Author Maya Angelou lived in the capital, Accra, shortly after the UK鈥檚 Gold Coast colony became Ghana; and Martin Luther King Jr. was a guest at the country鈥檚 celebration of independence (as was then-American Vice President Richard Nixon.)

Ghana鈥檚 first president, Kwame Nkrumah, promoted the idea of African-American settlement in the country, granting NAACP founder W.E.B. Du Bois, who had settled in Ghana, citizenship in his later years.

But the halcyon idealism of Nkrumah鈥檚 early years ended rudely in 1966, when he was ousted in a military coup.

The idea of citizenship for African-Americans came back under the rule of military dictator turned democratically elected President Rawlings, who stood next to Bill Clinton at a Washington press conference in 1999 and promised to open the country to African-Americans who wanted to settle.

鈥淚s there any reason why you should not have the right to enjoy the citizenship of where you come from?鈥� Rawlings told reporters.

Philbert Johnson, director of Ghana's diaspora bureau, part of the foreign ministry, acknowledged that a law is on the books to allow foreigners of African descent to settle in Ghana, but that few have successfully completed the process.

That frustrates Otis Davis, the president of the African-American Association.

After retiring and after repeated visits here, Mr. Davis moved to Ghana in 2011. He spends his time running a charity that focuses on education, and manages a few small businesses.

He says he loves the place, not just because he can live on his Social Security income, but because of the feeling of connection or re-connection that comes with living in Africa.

But he sometimes feels that Ghana doesn鈥檛 love him back.

鈥淵ou find yourself as being obroni,鈥� treated like someone with no connection to the place you live, he says. 鈥淲e鈥檙e giving back to society here, but I don鈥檛 think we鈥檙e getting a fair shake.鈥�

To change that, the African-American Association has joined forces with groups of Afro-Caribbean people and others who settle in Ghana, to push for more support from the government.

In a policy reminiscent of the Nkrumah era, Mr. Johnson of the diaspora bureau says he plans to work with African-Americans, along with more recent emigrants from Ghana.

鈥淚f you have 5,000 persons of African descent living in Ghana, you have to organize them,鈥� Johnson says, using the ministry鈥檚 estimate of African-Americans in Ghana. 鈥淭he experience they鈥檝e [acquired] in the country that they live in can be a valuable experience for the country.鈥�

Some prospective migrants to Ghana are dissuaded from settling by the chaotic markets and sewage-filled gutters that are part of daily life in Ghana, Thorne said. But others see opportunity.

Four months ago, Otis Davis鈥檚 son Ezra came, and decided to stay. He plans to try his hand at the jewelry trade.

鈥淚t鈥檚 not really just about the money,鈥� Ezra Davis said. 鈥淵ou have the ability to create something 鈥� to contribute.鈥�