海角大神

Amid the hubbub of Portland鈥檚 waterfront 鈥淪aturday Market,鈥� song suddenly erupts from what looks like a Mayberry sewing circle, their raised fists punctuating the chorus: 鈥淚t is a time to care, not to kill....鈥�

The singers鈥� dresses and hats are mismatched, their song a tad out of tune, but they are, Portlanders say, ever so endearing: Twenty-odd older ladies in hats, outsized glasses, and gingham dresses, belting out protest lyrics set to standards 鈥� and sometimes set to dance. One has little cherries hanging off her hat, while others don faded 鈥淓RA鈥� pins.

One of the most beloved social activist groups in this Pacific Northwest city, they are the Raging Grannies. 鈥淕rannying is the least understood and most powerful weapon we have,鈥� writes Granny Rose de Shaw on the national blog. And in a time when peaceful protest is increasingly giving way to fistfights, clubs, and chemical spray, their humorous message may be more important than ever.

The Grannies offer a kind of satirical street theater that challenges authority while charming the public 鈥� but lately, they鈥檙e having to act as referee between two opposing political extremes, whose violent tactics led Politico to dub Portland 鈥渢he most politically violent city in America.鈥�

As cities such as Berkeley, Calif., and Seattle have become epicenters of rolling street fights fueled by intense partisanship, the model of peaceful protest that has held since the civil rights era is being challenged 鈥� not just by the emboldened neo-Nazis and white supremacists who roiled Charlottesville, Va., over the weekend, but also left-wing anarchists. Here in Portland, both sides鈥� tactics of physical confrontation have begun to scrape away at the city鈥檚 peaceful image.

鈥淲e鈥檙e struggling with our role,鈥� admits Granny Linda Schmoldt, a retired librarian. 鈥淭he difference for us now is we鈥檙e having to say, amid all this punching and rolling in the streets, 鈥榊ou have to stop right now and go to your corners. Be nice to each other.鈥欌��

In a new tactic, experts say, the white nationalist movement is targeting progressive cities, calling leftist activists out on their own turf. And for its part, the antifa (short for anti-fascists) movement has embraced violence as a tactic against what it sees as creeping fascism on American streets. The ensuing clashes have rattled residents. In late May, a participant in an alt-right rally stabbed to death two Good Samaritans, and wounded a third, who were coming to the aid of two minority women on the city鈥檚 light rail train. The deaths sparked shock and mourning, and then a wave of counter-protests that often have devolved into violence.

The situation has put Portland at the epicenter of what some call a soft civil war of fists and sticks "for control聽of America's streets," as National Review essayist David French writes.

According to University of Michigan political scientist Michael Heaney, only about 3 percent of protest attendees, who tend to be more politically active, say violence is 鈥渧ery鈥� necessary to make a point. (Only 1 percent of the general population makes that claim.)

Notably, he says, that number has not shifted since President Trump鈥檚 election, suggesting that Americans are not growing more accepting of political violence in the streets. Indeed, since the 1980s, says Rachel Einwohner, a political scientist at Purdue University, Americans have increasingly come to see nonviolent protests as not only legitimate but necessary for democracy. And so far, most Trump era marches, including the women鈥檚 march and Mr. Trump鈥檚 campaign-style rallies, have remained peaceful.

Yet the growing frequency of actual street fighting in liberal strongholds like Portland and Berkeley, Calif., says Mr. Heaney, is notable, since the upshot is that America is witnessing a sum total of more political violence, including deadly serious incidents such as the weekend of violence in Charlottesville, Va., that left three dead and several dozen injured, and the targeting of Republican congressmen at a baseball practice this year. The nature of the violence, too, he says, is different.

鈥淭his is really ideological and partisan violence 鈥� [not] violence in response to very concrete issues,鈥� says Heaney, the co-author, with Fabio Rojas, of 鈥淧arty in the Street: The Antiwar Movement and the Democratic Party after 9/11.鈥� 鈥淧eople are clashing now because they see the world in a different way ideologically 鈥� and they detest the beliefs that the others have about the world. We have two camps in our society that are not communicating civilly any more. This violence 鈥� is one manifestation of that decline in civility.鈥�

Turning down the temperature

Progressive organizers say they are seeing several shifts in response to the stubborn street battles, as people try to turn the emotional temperature down. The Grannies may be the most colorful 鈥� if not the most quirky.

The blue-vested Portland Peace Team has seen applications skyrocket since the MAX train stabbings. Progressives in Berkeley have utilized a tactic of empathy tents at rallies, offering 10 minutes of nonjudgmental listening to help ease tensions. Organizers in Portland are being trained as 鈥渧ibe-watchers鈥� to look out for brewing trouble.

Native American groups, too, have urged peace to bring antifa and the self-described alt-right back from the brink of battle.

Part of the message is getting through. One antifa group, Rose City Antifa, said they would stay away from a July protest, choosing instead to do a fundraiser.

At the same time, mainstream organizers are struggling to persuade the antifa flank that violent tactics are counterproductive. Instead, antifa, who often hide their faces to avoid legal repercussions, have accused the Portland Peace Team of trying to unmask them.

For her part, Granny Denise Busch, she of the cherry hat, says she has been treated warmly by antifa protesters. In turn, she has engaged some of the hooded anarchists with pleas to not fight, some of which, she said, seems to have worked.

鈥淲e become idealized grannies to them, and they don鈥檛 want to disappoint us,鈥� she says.

Or, as Portland resident Tom Hastings says, 鈥淚t鈥檚 very, very hard to go making nasty, rotten claims about a granny.鈥�

Long-time civil rights protesters, like the Grannies, say they are dismayed by the left fringe鈥檚 embrace of violence. While punching Nazis may be a popular internet meme, they argue, the answer to hatred cannot be more hate, and peace movements shouldn鈥檛 be in the business of hurting people.

鈥淢ovement leaders sort of agree to what is known as a diversity of tactics, but my question now is: Do you want diversity of tactics or do you want diversity of people?鈥� says Mr. Hastings, a Portland State University professor and a veteran of Portland鈥檚 so-called nonviolent army. 鈥淚f there鈥檚 a violent flank in a movement, your recruitment numbers go down, which correlates with a much lower chance of succeeding with your announced goal.

鈥淭herefore, God bless the Grannies.鈥�

Rocking chair rallies

The Raging Grannies were founded in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1987. A satirical temperance-style union, they cite 鈥渁 history of trouble-raising when not listened to,鈥� as Ms. de Shaw wrote on the group's web page. 鈥淓ven in our times, we grannies have raised a few mountains, caused a few floods.鈥�

Requirements to be a Granny are: being at least 55, and a 鈥渨illingness to make noise鈥� tempered by 鈥渁n open heart to learn something new.鈥� 鈥淣o singing ability鈥� and 鈥渘o color sense, obviously,鈥� are required, writes de Shaw.

Since Trump鈥檚 election, the Portland Raging Grannies鈥� ranks have almost doubled, to 55. Their oldest member is well into her 80s. They employ a strategy exemplified by the Otpor ("resistance") movement in Serbia, which helped undermine political and law enforcement support for strongman Slobodan Milosevic through humor, satire, and street theater.

They are also not beyond civil disobedience. Grannies have been arrested during events held by the North Carolina protest movement known as 鈥淢oral Mondays.鈥� And a hero of the national group tied her rocking chair to a train track to protest a planned oil rig. She calmly knitted a sweater until police arrested her.

In 5-1/2 years of existence, the Portland Grannies have fine-tuned similar tactics, sometimes to great effect.

鈥淭hey went to a military recruiting center, a place where I鈥檇 been doing candlelight vigils for a year, and they were very gung-ho,鈥� says Hastings, the veteran anti-war organizer. 鈥淭hey put a whole bunch of rocking chairs in front of this recruitment center 鈥� a rocking chair blockade. When police came, they warned the Grannies. The Grannies took off but left their chairs, so the police had to load up the chairs. The picture in the paper: Police arrest grandma鈥檚 rocking chair.鈥�

The Grannies 鈥渟how people what it means to be an activist, and in that way it highlights something else that social movements do: They sort of provide therapy for disaffected people,鈥� adds Purdue鈥檚 Ms. Einwohner, who studies the dynamics of protest and resistance.

Portland's protest history

Portland has a long history of protest 鈥撀�40,000 protested the decision by President George W. Bush to invade Iraq in 2003; a decade earlier, President George H.W. Bush鈥檚 Secret Service nicknamed the city 鈥淟ittle Beirut鈥� for its raucous anti-war protests.聽

鈥淲hat鈥檚 happening in Portland is really just the latest chapter of an old story 鈥� sort of the frontier spirit where the margins are celebrated and where to be a registered Democrat is something of a stodgy, boring position to take,鈥� says Randy Blazak, who studies hate movements at Portland State University. 鈥淭here are probably more anarchists out admitting their political position than dyed-in-the-wool traditional Democrats. May Day is the biggest holiday in the city, much bigger than Christmas.鈥�

The roots of the current conflict can be found in the skinhead wars of the 1980s and 鈥�90s, when punks-turned-antifascist rumblers took on similarly attired neo-Nazi skinheads after the 1988 beating death of an Ethiopian college student by white supremacists. Then as now, antifa would look for tattoos or jewelry that suggested Nazi sympathies 鈥� and then attack 鈥� verbally or physically.

Alexander Reid Ross, author of 鈥淎gainst the Fascist Creep,鈥� told Portland鈥檚 Willamette Weekly earlier this year that antifa 鈥� in his view, rightly 鈥� understands that 鈥渢he alt-right has to be understood as a fascist movement.鈥�

Their opponents include rally organizer Joey Gibson, who advocates for free speech rights for conservatives. While Mr. Gibson says he does not welcome white supremacists, some regular attendees admit that part of their mission is to defend themselves 鈥� and their cause 鈥� by 鈥渒icking some antifa [butt],鈥� as Tiny Toese, a self-styled Samoan patriot who was arrested after a brawl in July, told followers on social media.

The stated aim of that Sunday鈥檚 鈥淧atriot Prayer鈥� rally was to accuse antifa of domestic terrorism by using tactics to hurt conservatives, including calling their bosses to inform them of their political activities. The focus on leftist agitators is part of a deeper political shift, as well. Under Attorney General Jeff Sessions, the Department of Justice has disbanded a unit on right-wing extremism and is now monitoring Portland and other cities for evidence of 鈥渄omestic terrorism鈥� from the left.

鈥淲e鈥檙e seeing kind of the children of [the skinhead wars],鈥� says veteran Portland organizer Jamie Partridge. 鈥淭he Proud Boys are the street fighters who aren鈥檛 really that ideological, but they are mad as hell. They see in Donald Trump a beacon of hope for bringing back the America that they think once was, but that they鈥檝e never known.鈥�

'Don't hurt people to be peaceful'

There are growing concerns among organizers like Mr. Partridge that the self-described alt-right, despite its embrace of white nationalism and white supremacy, is having success in recruiting as a result of the attacks from antifa. The addition of Oath Keepers, a national group of retired law enforcement, as volunteer security has helped give the 鈥淧atriot Prayer鈥� movement legitimacy in broader conservative circles.

鈥淭he thing about the left, we tend to be Chicken Littles: 鈥極h, this is Hitlerian,鈥欌�� says Hastings. 鈥淲e tend to default straight to the bottom of the slippery slope, so our credibility has been radically compromised. Yes, there are spooky parallels between what Trump is doing and what Hitler did. But antifa can鈥檛 operate with violence and expect it to produce anything other than a [backlash] in the general population.鈥�

It also is having an impact on rally attendance. On that Sunday, noticeably fewer activists on both sides showed up for dueling rallies before the fighting began, only to quickly dissipate.

Fredric Alan Maxwell, a Portland writer and activist, stayed home from that event with his cat. At an earlier melee, he was left slumped and scratched up after a group of antifa swept past him. Afterward, he wrote that his attackers were 鈥渉iding their faces under bandannas as though robbing not speech but a stage鈥�.鈥�

Such decisions by longtime peace activists to stay home, as much as the fighting itself, is driving the transformation of protest in the Trump era, including for the Raging Grannies.

In response, the Grannies have adjusted their clothing policy, replacing at times their traditional dresses and hats for black T-shirts for mourning and white T-shirts with sashes for observing rallies 鈥� and engaging with edgy young protesters.

鈥淥ur message right now is: Don鈥檛 hurt people to be peaceful,鈥� says Granny Diana Richardson. 鈥淚nstead, rally the troops by naming what is wrong. We have to realize we鈥檙e part of a huge community, which is the whole world.鈥�

Correction: The rocking chair blockade was conducted by the Seriously Pissed Off Grannies.