Speaking Politics term of the week: Duverger's law
Duverger鈥檚 Law:听The theory that elections in political systems like the United States鈥� tend to favor the two major parties, making it very hard for a third party to win.
The candidacies of Libertarian Gary Johnson and the Green Party鈥檚 Jill Stein have revived discussion about the influential concept of , a French scholar and former member of the European Parliament who died in 2014. Google Trends that recently there鈥檚 been more interest in the term than any time since October 2008.
Several outlets 鈥� including and 鈥� have published explanatory pieces about the theory. Slate political writer Jamelle Bouie听responded to a tweet about the 鈥渢wo-party monopoly鈥� with: 鈥淓very time I hear something like 鈥榯wo-party monopoly,鈥� I immediately think 鈥楲et me tell you about Duverger鈥檚 Law.鈥欌�欌��
Duverger found that when single-member districts get just one legislative seat 鈥� as in the United States 鈥� and the winner takes that seat, two parties tend to dominate.听
As political scientist Amanda Skuldt wrote in the Post:
鈥淚n such a system, all a party needs to win is more votes than the other side.That winner-takes-all nature of single-member districts encourages broad coalitions to form before elections. The odds of a party winning such elections are much higher if only two parties exist, enabling each side to work to bring as many people to its side as possible.鈥�
The New York Times鈥檚 Josh Katz that third-party candidacies historically have not had much luck. Since 1968, he wrote, all of the major third-party candidates have seen their polling numbers drop as the election draws nearer, as many voters conclude that casting a ballot for those candidates would be a waste.
The only exception was billionaire H. Ross Perot in 1992, who challenged President George H.W. Bush and Democrat Bill Clinton on a populist platform of slashing the budget deficit and letting voters decide big issues by referendum. Perot got 19 percent of the vote 鈥� but didn鈥檛 receive a plurality of voters in any states, giving him no electoral votes.
Writing in the liberal Center for American Progress鈥檚 ThinkProgress blog, Ian Millhiser what happened in Maine鈥檚 governor鈥檚 race in 2010 as an example of what can happen if voters fail to get behind one of the two parties.
Republican Paul LePage faced Democrat Libby Mitchell and Eliot Cutler, an independent. Mr. LePage drew substantial criticism for his coarse rhetoric and arch-conservative stands, such as imposing a five-year limit on welfare benefits. Mr. Cutler picked up several newspaper endorsements and narrowed LePage鈥檚 lead, but ran out of time and the Republican eked out a victory over Cutler, 38 percent to 36 percent (Mitchell drew 19 percent). Since then, he has been one of the nation鈥檚 state chief executives.
Millhiser said that some single-issue voters who fixate on 鈥渃artoonish鈥� issues might be happy to vote for a third party.
鈥淭he rest of us, however, are really left with two choices,鈥� he wrote. 鈥淎cknowledge the consequences of Duverger鈥檚 Law or risk becoming Maine.鈥�
But other races 鈥� including a few in famously independent-minded New England 鈥� suggest that third-party candidacies are easier to do at the state level than nationally.听
In Maine, Angus King won the governor's race in 1994 and a US Senate seat in 2012 as an independent (though he now caucuses as a Democrat, a party to which he once belonged). And long before he ran for president as a Democrat, Bernie Sanders was elected to the US House in Vermont as an independent in 1990 (again caucusing with the Democrats) and to the Senate in 2006.
鈥� Chuck McCutcheon writes his 鈥淪peaking Politics鈥� blog exclusively for Politics Voices.听McCutcheon's and David Mark鈥檚 latest book, 鈥淒oubletalk: The Language, Code, and Jargon of a Presidential Election,鈥� is now out.
