海角大神

At the international luge competition in Winterberg, Germany, this month, some of the sport鈥檚 top athletes starred in a role outside their sleek, signature sleds.

Appearing in a video shot on a snowy slope and shown to thousands of attendees, athletes from the International Luge Federation aired their concerns about climate change.

鈥淲e鈥檙e the first generation of athletes affected by climate change,鈥� they told viewers, 鈥渁nd the last generation able to do anything about it.鈥�

In the video, the athletes offered testimonies of the individual steps they are taking to reduce their carbon footprints and suggested ways for luge fans to help combat the accelerating threat to the sport they love.

More than just a cry of alarm, the video鈥檚 key message to winter sports fans generally is, 鈥淒on鈥檛 be of the mindset that little things don鈥檛 matter,鈥� says Cameron Myler, an assistant professor at New York University鈥檚 Tisch Institute for Global Sport. A decorated US luge athlete, Ms. Myler carried the Stars and Stripes at the opening ceremony of the 1994 Lillehammer Olympic Games.

鈥淯se reusable water bottles,鈥� she says, noting that the luge athletes call on their fans to join them in pledging to reduce carbon footprints by 50 percent over the coming decade.

The is one example of how sports diplomacy is expanding beyond the traditional ways in which major powers used sports over recent decades 鈥� often to further national-security interests.

Governments still employ sports diplomacy in that way 鈥� think US programs to reach young Muslim 鈥渉earts and minds鈥� through sports after the 9/11 attacks.

But now that work is pushing increasingly into new areas 鈥� gender equity, inter-ethnic harmony, economic development, human rights, disabled accessibility, LGBTQ equity, and climate change 鈥� in some cases where international athletes, sports organizations, and nongovernmental organizations see government falling short.

鈥淪ports are such a good way to bring about positive changes, especially through the kids,鈥� says Stevy Worah-Ozimo, a Senegalese former basketball player who played at the collegiate level in the United States at North Carolina Central University before playing professionally around the world.

Now a sports envoy for the United Nations鈥� sustainable development goals, Mr. Worah-Ozimo has a finger in various private organizations that link youth sports camps in Africa, Asia, and the US with educational programs and broader human development priorities.聽Minnesota Timberwolves center Gorgui Dieng, who attended the academy that he partners with in Senegal, goes back every summer to work there, he adds.聽

鈥淲e introduce environmental issues and sustainable development practices into our sports programs. For example we have introduced solar panels at our camps,鈥� he says. Until four years ago the basketball camps in Senegal were for boys only. 鈥淭hen a group of girls came to us and said, 鈥榃e can do that, too.鈥� Now our camps are half-and-half boys and girls.鈥�

Sports diplomacy鈥檚 broader reach

Many of these more recent initiatives are quite different from the traditional, top-down utilization of sports by governments to achieve some diplomatic end. Scholars point to Gen. Douglas MacArthur鈥檚 recourse to baseball as a means of connecting with the Japanese people in the aftermath of World War II. Perhaps best known is the 鈥減ing-pong diplomacy鈥� that played a role in the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the US under President Richard Nixon.

But experts in the field say a number of factors gaining steam in this century, from the rising influence of international nongovernmental organizations and global household sports stars to the spread of the internet, are broadening the diversity and reach of sports diplomacy.

鈥淥ver the last decade or so a couple of factors in particular have expanded the impact of sports and broadened our sense of what sports diplomacy is,鈥� says Vince Gennaro, associate dean at NYU鈥檚 Tisch Institute, which recently hosted an international forum on sports and diplomacy.

鈥淭he first is globalization and a world that is so much better connected,鈥� he says, 鈥渁nd second is social media and how it has enhanced the brand and global stature of athletes. As certain issues have become more pervasive and universal,鈥� he adds, 鈥渟ports and athletes have found their way from the sidelines into the center of efforts to address鈥� those issues.

As one example of athletes getting into 鈥減ervasive鈥� issues in new ways, Mr. Gennaro cites how Chelsea FC, the English football (soccer) club, launched a Say No To Antisemitism campaign when it realized the prejudice was showing up in increasingly virulent forms in part of the team鈥檚 fan base. Last summer Chelsea organized a trip to Auschwitz, a former Nazi concentration camp in Poland, for 150 staff and supporters.聽

Individuals filling the gap

Gennaro says that in the US in particular, athletes and professional teams have increased their 鈥渄iplomatic activities鈥� over the past two years, as the Trump administration has sent a global signal that it is less interested in issues like the impact of climate change and human rights. 鈥淭he last several years in this country have impelled individuals and nongovernmental organizations to step up and fill the gap,鈥� he says.

Still, he says, such work can鈥檛 replace what governments do, but should be seen as complementing it. 鈥淕overnments still matter, and there鈥檚 still great work going on in the State Department,鈥� Gennaro says.

The State Department has utilized sports diplomacy at least as far back as the cold war, when athletes like Jesse Owens and Mal Whitfield were sent overseas as athlete-ambassadors to promote American values of freedom and democracy.

US sports diplomacy has expanded since then to include activities such as sports camps for youths and exchanges with 鈥測outh influencers鈥� like coaches and local athletes, State Department officials say, while retaining the goal of furthering US national interests.

鈥淭he focus on furthering our national interests meant that our programs primarily emphasized the Muslim world after 9/11,鈥� says Matt McMahon, director of the State Department鈥檚 sport diplomacy division. 鈥淏ut it has now expanded beyond that to work with youth and youth influencers around the world.鈥�

Small budget at State

Calling sports 鈥渁nother important tool in the toolbox of American foreign policy,鈥� he adds, 鈥淚f we can help countries use sports to reach kids and empower girls and marginalized communities and the disabled, that can be a factor in building stability 鈥� and it鈥檚 certainly in the US interest to build a more stable world.鈥�

The sports diplomacy division has always been small, a tiny fraction of the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, which manages much larger academic and cultural exchange programs, including the Fulbright scholarships.

But Mr. McMahon notes that the division鈥檚 budget increased slightly this year to about $6 million, and he emphasizes that the division鈥檚 programs have continued to diversify. (Indeed, the office moved heavily into gender equity under Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.)

Last summer, for example, the division worked with the University of Montana to develop summer soccer camps in El Salvador and exchanges between American and Central American youth influencers. One goal: to provide kids with an alternative to gang activity.

With the US public focused on large groups of Central American families and unaccompanied children moving north to seek asylum from pervasive violence back home, the camps were seen as one small way to address the factors prompting people to emigrate. 鈥淥ne idea behind this new program was to provide young people in El Salvador with alternatives to gang participation and behavior,鈥� McMahon says.

An ability to reform, and heal

For some experts, such innovations as soccer camps to address gang violence 鈥� or a public service announcement by luge athletes about climate change 鈥� suggest the enduring value of sports as a tool for unlocking global change.

鈥淲hat other sector has provided so many social reformers, especially on racial and gender issues?鈥� says Allen Hershkowitz, an environmental scientist and chairman of Sport and Sustainability International, a Geneva-based nonprofit that leverages the influence of sports to promote sustainable communities.

Insisting that 鈥淪ports organizations are stepping up where traditional diplomatic channels are failing,鈥� Dr. Hershkowitz says professional sports teams were 鈥渁mong the first to pick up on鈥� the UN鈥檚 sustainable development goals. As examples, he points to his experience assisting the New York Yankees with a program in Kenya to reduce deforestation, and NASCAR with mangrove restoration projects in Zimbabwe.

Noting that surveys suggest an astounding 80 percent of the world鈥檚 people follow sports, he adds, 鈥淣o other sector is as reforming and healing as sport.鈥�