海角大神

When Mexico鈥檚 youthful and reform-minded President Enrique Pe帽a Nieto took office in late 2012, anticipation of a newly dynamic Mexico joining other surging Latin lions like Brazil led to talk of 鈥淢exico鈥檚 moment.鈥�

Mr. Pe帽a Nieto鈥檚 meeting with President Obama at the White House Tuesday was supposed to focus on new economic opportunities in an energized bilateral relationship. Instead, the visit has been overshadowed by the familiar 鈥� and decidedly more downbeat 鈥� issues of violence, police-linked corruption, and lack of the rule of law across much of America鈥檚 southern neighbor.

Still, the two presidents were expected to discuss Mexican economic reforms 鈥� including a historic opening up of the country鈥檚 energy sector to foreign investment 鈥� while also addressing US immigration and border security issues. Much of the day was to be taken up by the second US-Mexico High Level Economic Dialogue.

As he greeted Pe帽a Nieto at the White House, Mr. Obama underscored 鈥渙ur commitment ... to be a friend and supporter of Mexico鈥� as it battles the drug cartels 鈥渞esponsible for so much tragedy inside of Mexico.鈥� He praised the Mexican leader for being 鈥渧ery helpful鈥� in getting the 鈥渞ight鈥� message out across the region about the dangers and illegality of clandestine migration across the border into the United States.

In return, Pe帽a Nieto lauded both Obama鈥檚 recent executive action on immigration and his opening to Cuba as 鈥渁udacious鈥� decisions that will benefit the US and the region.

But as has been true for many years, it鈥檚 the security and rule-of-law issues in Mexico that threaten to hold back what one senior Obama administration official summed up as an 鈥渆xtraordinary relationship.鈥�

The disappearance and presumed murder of 43 student teachers in the state of Guerrero in September 鈥� apparently the horrific product of police-drug gang collusion 鈥� shocked even a violence-inured Mexico. But it also reminded the world of the failed rule of law and high levels of insecurity that continue to hold back not just Mexico, but other US neighbors in Central and South America.

Mexico recorded nearly 20,000 killings related to organized crime over the past two years. Farther south, Venezuela registered a record 25,000 murders in 2014 鈥� a homicide rate surpassed globally only by Central America鈥檚 Honduras.

The high rates of violence and public insecurity across parts of Latin America don鈥檛 just hinder stability and prosperity at home, but they often end up having an impact on the US as well. When the number of Central American children seeking to cross into the US spiked last summer, a key factor was their families鈥� desire to get them out of an environment of entrenched gang violence. Those child migrants included large numbers from Honduras.

Mexico鈥檚 Pe帽a Nieto has been slow to address the security challenges 鈥� in part because he rode into office on a wave of citizen fatigue with the costly war on the drug cartels and corruption led by his predecessor, Felipe Calder贸n.

That war registered some successes, particularly along the northern border, where cities like Tijuana and Ciudad Ju谩rez are beginning to reap the economic benefits of a renewed sense of security. But other parts of Mexico 鈥� including Michoac谩n, where murky vigilante groups last year took over entire cities, and Guerrero, where the student teachers were murdered 鈥� remain mired in violence and corruption.

The unhappy plight of too many Mexicans, say some political analysts in the country, is to live either where the state is virtually absent and is replaced by crime gangs, or where the state鈥檚 presence means high levels of corruption.

The Obama administration has continued efforts begun in 2008 under President Bush to assist Mexico in fighting the drug cartels feeding the US illegal drug market. That effort, named the Merida Initiative, has placed some emphasis on police reform and a strengthening of Mexico鈥檚 judicial system.

Administration officials preparing for Pe帽a Nieto鈥檚 visit indicated this week that this emphasis will continue.

鈥淭he core of our cooperation with Mexico has been working to improve the performance of law enforcement institutions and judicial institutions,鈥� says one senior administration official, who requested anonymity to discuss sensitive US-Mexico relations more freely.

But the official was careful to underscore that the emphasis on institutional reform is not just a US priority but something atop Pe帽a Nieto鈥檚 agenda as well. 鈥淭hose are areas that President Pe帽a Nieto has signaled are important to him as well,鈥� the official added, 鈥渟o we鈥檙e going to continue to look for ways to work with them on that.鈥�

Still, after more than $2 billion in US assistance under the Merida Initiative, some critics are calling for the program to be suspended, given the continuing poor record of Mexican law enforcement. Others say the program needs to shift further away from cartel fighting and border security and focus more on police training and judicial reform.

In a letter to Obama Monday, New York-based Human Rights Watch (HRW) said it鈥檚 time for the US to get tough and withhold part of the Merida Initiative money until efforts to address human rights abuses improve.

鈥淢exico is facing its worst human rights crisis in years, with security forces committing horrific abuses that are rarely punished,鈥� said Daniel Wilkinson, managing director of the Americas division at HRW, in a statement. Saying Pe帽a Nieto 鈥渉as so far failed to take this crisis seriously,鈥� he added that Obama 鈥渉as been unwilling to call them on it.鈥�

He notes that 15 percent of Merida funding is supposed to be conditioned on Mexico meeting a set of human rights conditions that include investigation and prosecution of security forces鈥� rights abuses. At least that much funding should be withheld to send the Mexican government a message, Mr. Wilkinson says.

But that seems unlikely to happen. When Obama was asked about Mexico鈥檚 human rights issues in a December interview with Telemundo, the president laid the disappearance of the 43 student teachers at the feet of drug cartels, saying it reflected the 鈥渃hronic problem of narco-traffickers in some cases taking over entire towns or entire regions.鈥�

Yet Obama appeared to nix the idea of cutting back US assistance over such cases, saying, 鈥淭he best thing we can do is to be a good partner and to build on the progress that been made ... in doing things the right way.鈥�