海角大神

In her 40 years as a museum educator and historical Native interpreter, there is one thing that bugs Linda Coombs the most: disbelief by white people that she is real.

鈥淸Visitors] would just walk right up to you and go, 鈥榊ou鈥檙e not an Indian.鈥� The way we looked might not fit what they had in their mind of what an Indian should look like. We would constantly run into children who just couldn鈥檛 fathom that we were not 350 years old,鈥� she says.

Ms. Coombs is a member of the Aquinnah Wampanoag Tribe in Massachusetts. The Wampanoag Nation, once made up of 69 villages, is most famous for its early alliance with the English settlers who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620. But on the 400th anniversary of that event Ms. Coombs wants to set the record straight 鈥� there is more to the story. It has been her lifework to bring the Native perspective back into the retelling of the founding of America and broaden recognition of the roughly 5,000 Wampanoag citizens who still live in Massachusetts. But it hasn鈥檛 been easy.

鈥淲atching her continue to come up against that kind of ignorance over and over and over again, she was just never deterred by it,鈥� says Paula Peters, who sits on the Wampanoag Advisory Committee with Ms. Coombs and worked alongside her at Plimoth Plantation, a living history museum in Plymouth, Massachusetts. 鈥淚 have grown up in our cultural community watching and learning from her. ... I greatly admire her for her knowledge, and the courage that she has to really stand by her interpretations of history from the Native viewpoint.鈥�

The 400th anniversary of the Mayflower voyage and the founding of Plymouth Colony comes during strange times: a pandemic and racial strife not seen since the 1960s. But they are also providing Ms. Coombs with a unique opportunity to fill in the true details about the interactions between the Wampanoag and English peoples in the 1600s. She serves on the board of Plymouth 400, a nonprofit dedicated to marking the anniversary with cultural events 鈥� many of which were canceled because of the pandemic.

Through Plymouth 400, Ms. Coombs has co-written 鈥淭he Massachusetts Chronicles,鈥� an inclusive state history textbook, with more than 60,000 copies distributed to 1,854 schools across the state. She also co-created the first Indigenous History Conference at Bridgewater State University, which featured 62 speakers over nine sessions and drew more than 1,600 remote participants during its first weekend in October.

鈥淚t鈥檚 difficult to find people like her who have done the research, who have credibility to tell their story,鈥� says Michele Pecoraro, executive director of Plymouth 400. 鈥淟inda can look at those [historical] accounts and ... add back in the things that have been omitted, the things that have been left out about Native people. And that is a huge job.鈥�

For instance, most history lessons of the early days in Massachusetts Bay Colony end with the diplomatic alliance of Massasoit, a sachem, or leader, of the Wampanoags, offering food to the starving Pilgrims in exchange for protection against the powerful Narragansett Tribe in 1621. But few people have heard of King Philip鈥檚 War or understand its significance.

What happened next

Massasoit鈥檚 son, Metacom, who had taken the English name Philip, felt threatened by the expansion of English settlers and sought to unite Indigenous peoples of southern New England against them in 1675. A violent conflict lasting 18 months resulted in thousands dead on both sides and the ultimate collapse of an organized Native resistance. Metacom鈥檚 severed head sat on a pike for 25 years in Plymouth as a warning.

鈥淭here鈥檚 so much that鈥檚 happened that isn鈥檛 in the history books. And [the] history that is there is distorted. It鈥檚 skewed,鈥� says Ms. Coombs.

But even she hasn鈥檛 always paid close attention to her own ancestry and how it has been portrayed.

In 1970, on the 350th anniversary of the Pilgrims鈥� arrival in Plymouth, local organizers had invited Frank James, a Wampanoag leader whose Native name was Wamsutta, to speak on Thanksgiving Day about that early alliance between Massasoit and the English settlers. The speech that Mr. James submitted, however, spoke of the incredible losses his ancestors suffered. When the anniversary organizers turned down his 鈥渋nflammatory鈥� perspective, he established a National Day of Mourning.

Ms. Coombs was in the audience for the alternative event held that day. The presence of hundreds of other Indigenous people from around the United States made an impression on her. 鈥淚 hadn鈥檛 had any exposure to other Native people,鈥� recalls Ms. Coombs, whose father was an Aquinnah Wampanoag and whose mother was white. 鈥淢y awareness of what it meant to be a Native person was sparked.鈥�

Four years later, an opportunity presented itself: an internship at the Boston Children鈥檚 Museum designed for Native Americans, which later led to a full-time position. It was there that she discovered she had a knack for analyzing the written word.

鈥淲e鈥檇 be reading different sources [to develop exhibits] ... and we鈥檇 hit something that just struck us as utterly ridiculous ... and we鈥檇 sit there and just laugh uncontrollably,鈥� says Ms. Coombs. She recalls one text from the 1940s that described Weetamoo, a respected Wampanoag sachem who died during King Philip鈥檚 War. 鈥淸The authors] referred to her as a 鈥榙usky squaw.鈥� The word squaw is an insult. That鈥檚 right up there with the N-word.鈥�

Broadening interest

After her time on staff at the Children鈥檚 Museum, Ms. Coombs helped to develop the Wampanoag Indigenous program at Plimoth Plantation over three decades, becoming the first Wampanoag person in the museum鈥檚 administration. Today, she continues to consult and help create exhibits and educational kits for historical societies and museums in Massachusetts.

But it is the Indigenous History Conference at Bridgewater State University, which Ms. Coombs co-organized with Professor Joyce Rain Anderson, that will likely have the biggest and most lasting impact, says university President Fred Clark. Already, he says, C-SPAN and other networks are interested in footage from the conference.

鈥淲e鈥檙e stepping on the same grounds that Native peoples have stepped on for thousands of years and we don鈥檛 know anything about that history,鈥� says Mr. Clark. 鈥淸Ms. Coombs] is an educator, and even though we鈥檙e the state鈥檚 largest producer of teachers, she taught us here at Bridgewater quite a bit about the need to tell the full story of the Indigenous peoples in Massachusetts.鈥�

Ms. Coombs says she is seeing broader receptivity to the Native lessons she is trying to deliver.

鈥淓specially since I鈥檝e gotten older, I鈥檝e worked less and less with children and I鈥檝e worked more and more with teachers. ... And the teachers ... have been asking for actual history and the real culture [of Wampanoags]. They want to give kids the right information,鈥� she says. 鈥淚f something happened in history, it deserves to be told and it deserves to be told in the right way and in the rightful context.鈥�