海角大神

Joe Brown thought he had it all figured out: By installing lights compatible with his Google Home, the former Popular Science editor could control the lights in his toddler鈥檚 room with his voice each morning while his hands were occupied taking care of her.

Then came the Google outage. Suddenly, Mr. Brown, who now works for Hearst Magazines, found himself unable to turn on the lights.

鈥淵ou rarely have a free hand when you have a baby,鈥� he says. When he found himself stuck in the dark, all he could do was laugh.聽

As tech companies increasingly promote the so-called Internet of Things, anything from doorbells to thermostats can be connected to the cloud. It means聽convenience but also risk,聽as some users discovered during a November outage at Amazon and a December outage at Google. These previously analog devices can become inoperable because of a single failure at one company miles away. So can聽large swaths of the internet, especially as just聽聽account for 60% of the cloud market.

鈥淧eople tend to forget that clouds are just computer servers, right? So we鈥檙e still down to all the mechanical, all the weather, electricity, water supply, cooling [malfunctions],鈥� says Mehdi Daoudi, CEO of tech company Catchpoint.聽聽

Having a Plan B聽

This isn鈥檛 how Tim Berners-Lee envisioned things when, in 1989, he created the World Wide Web. Despite his vision of a decentralized web 鈥渇or everyone,鈥� the internet has instead become dominated by a few big companies. That concentration can lead to widespread outages from single failures at Amazon or Google, and also less tangible 鈥� but still pressing 鈥� problems, such as concerns about data privacy and censorship. And though changing the current landscape of the internet may seem daunting, some activists and companies are willing to try.聽

鈥淪aying that the internet is centralized is perhaps a little bit inaccurate. 鈥� It鈥檚 just that some services have become the central hub of most of the internet traffic,鈥� says Primavera De Filippi, a faculty associate at Harvard University鈥檚 Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society. And with online activity heavily concentrated in the most dominant聽firms, those giants wield enormous power, from聽controlling users鈥� data privacy to choosing what websites to host to being the single point of success 鈥� or failure 鈥� for the services they run.聽

鈥淎nd basically that means we are delegating, to them, the choice,鈥� on how the platforms are run and how our data is used, she says. 鈥淎nd they can change at any point the structure of the platform.鈥�

Mr. Brown鈥檚 situation might seem like a niche problem, relegated to the type of people who go for things like app-controlled vacuums. But the November and December outages are simply the latest cloud crashes that have taken large parts of the internet with them. In November, during the Amazon Web Services outage, users reported issues with everything ranging from accessing their bank and using ride-hailing services. Food delivery apps faltered, and e-commerce and newspaper websites crashed. Whenever the popular messaging service Slack goes down 鈥� as it did on the first work day of 2021 鈥� companies that use it can suddenly find themselves in a position where their employees can鈥檛 communicate with each other.

When it comes to surviving outages, Mr. Daoudi recommends companies having as many backups as they can afford. He noted, for example, that his company maintains multiple video-conferencing subscriptions, even though employees primarily use Zoom. He spells out a hypothetical: 鈥淔or a company, let鈥檚 say, that has an e-commerce platform and they鈥檙e down. Well, do you have a website hosted somewhere [on a different server or cloud] that you can redirect people to to just say, 鈥榃e鈥檙e temporarily having issues. Please come back later. Here is a coupon.鈥�?鈥�

On Solid ground?聽

As partial outages on the internet have been rising, big聽firms like Amazon aren鈥檛 sitting still.聽They don鈥檛 want disappointed customers, and are聽trying to create more robust systems.

But some people are questioning existing models. They ask: What about doing more than just surviving outages 鈥� what if there was a way to challenge the primacy of large tech companies, especially when it comes to the control they have over users鈥� data?

That鈥檚 the goal of Solid, a new project from Mr. Berners-Lee, which aims to put more control of data in users鈥� hands by having users 鈥� rather than tech companies or websites 鈥� store their data in individually controlled pods, with others able to access limited amounts only with direct permission. Davi Ottenheimer, vice president of trust and digital ethics at Inrupt, a firm that helps create Solid-compliant commercial products, says it flips traditional data-privacy practices on their head.

鈥淥ne of the questions I get asked a lot is how does this change the idea that people can get information about me?鈥� Mr. Ottenheimer says. 鈥淪o you would give people consent to have [your] data or access to data for the purposes of a very specific thing 鈥� and it doesn鈥檛 get stored.鈥� If the model becomes popular enough, Mr. Ottenheimer says, eventually big tech companies will have to adapt to changing customer preferences that demand stronger data protection.聽

Another popular way to both secure data privacy and fight against single points of failure has been mesh networking, which at its most basic, is a network design where nodes are connected through multiple points rather than a single route. In New York, the practice has been adopted by the group NYC Mesh to create a Wi-Fi service users can connect to by installing a wireless router on their roof or balcony that connects to other nearby users. The result is an internet connection that doesn鈥檛 store data, and bypasses corporate internet service providers, says organizer Brian Hall. Users are asked to set up recurring monthly donations to offset costs, in lieu of subscriptions.

The mesh networks still link people onto the regular internet, but they show that different models are possible. And if the rest of the web went dark, users of the mesh system would still have one another to be online with.

All in all, Mr. Brown鈥檚 outage wasn鈥檛 the end of the world. He didn鈥檛 feel like the methods to manually override the lights were worth the hassle, so he just carried on in the dark. And if the Google outage didn鈥檛 fix itself, he would have simply put in a normal lightbulb.聽

He hasn鈥檛 sworn off smart products, either 鈥� he still has the lights that temporarily failed him during the Google outage. But reflecting on some recent remodeling work he did in his kitchen, he noticed something.

鈥淚 did just put some new lights in my kitchen. I wired in some new junction boxes,鈥� Mr. Brown says. 鈥淎nd I did not connect them to the cloud.鈥�