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Technology companies have long hailed affordable Internet programs such as Facebook鈥檚 鈥淔ree Basics鈥� as a chance to help the "next billion鈥� users across the globe have access to online educational and communication tools.

In the US, low and moderate-income families are also increasingly purchasing technology such as smartphones in order to enhance their children鈥檚 education and stay in touch with family and friends, a new national study released on Wednesday finds.

But many families remain 鈥渦nder-connected,鈥� with a stable home Internet connection often out of reach because of high costs, particularly among immigrant Hispanic families, , conducted by researchers at Rutgers University and the Joan Ganz Cooney Center.

鈥淚t鈥檚 no longer a simple question of whether or not families are connected to the Internet,鈥� says Vikki Katz, associate professor of communication at Rutgers University, who co-authored the study, . 鈥淏ut rather how they are connected, and the implications of being under-connected for children鈥檚 access to educational opportunities and parents鈥� ability to apply for jobs or resources.鈥�

While 94 percent of families in the survey have Internet access, either through a home computer or a smartphone, 52 percent of those with an Internet connection at home say it is too slow; 8 percent of families living below the poverty line use dial-up Internet, the survey found.

Among families who use a mobile phone to go online, 24 percent say they have had their phone service cut off during the past year because they couldn鈥檛 afford to pay the bills. Overall, 42 percent of those without home Internet access said the cost was the main reason they lacked access.

The trend is particularly pronounced among families headed by Hispanic immigrants, where 10 percent of families have no Internet access at all, compared to 7 percent of Hispanics born in the US, 5 percent of whites, and 1 percent of black families, the study found. It surveyed nearly 1,200 parents of children aged 6-13 by phone.

The researchers found a more sobering picture about the use of discounted Internet programs intended to benefit low-income families, such as the 鈥淚nternet Essentials鈥� program offered by Comcast. Only 6 percent of parents living at 185 percent of the poverty level 鈥� the standard used to determine whether kids qualify for free or reduced school meals 鈥� had ever signed up for the services.

鈥淚 had [Internet Essentials] because [my children] had assignments that they needed the computer for,鈥� one parent of a 7th grader in Colorado told the researchers. "I hated it. It wasn鈥檛 working. It was too slow, it would freeze and they couldn鈥檛 get anything done. We had it for almost a year. I just got rid of it. I was paying $10 (a month) to not use it."

But the survey also reveals that many families are increasingly embracing the use of technology to do a range of tasks beyond Internet searches, including as a means to pay bills online, to apply for jobs and 鈥� among children 鈥� to help their parents learn to use technology and do their homework.

鈥淥ur findings reveal important distinctions among parents with regard to technology鈥檚 place in public education and whether it enables more equitable access to learning opportunities. They also show that children鈥檚 classroom activities are intertwined with their home connectivity and their families鈥� tech use,鈥� wrote Professor Katz and co-author Victoria Rideout, president of VJR Consulting.

How children use technology also varies depending on how they access the Internet. Half of children who have home Internet access often go online to look up information they are interested in, compared to a third of children who have mobile-only Internet access, notes the report.

Using a mobile phone rather than a home Internet connection to go online also leads to a decrease in the number of children who use computers and the Internet to do tasks such a completing their homework, playing educational games, and making art, music, or 鈥渟omething creative,鈥� the parents say.

For parents living below the poverty level who don鈥檛 have a computer or Internet at access at home, using public Wi-Fi at a coffee shop or restaurant is the most common way to go online, followed by using computers or Internet access at a library. That follows efforts to expand the use of public Wi-Fi networks by cities such as New York, which is now making public Wi-Fi terminals available in some parts of Manhattan, with plans to expand them throughout the five boroughs.

Children living below the poverty level without a home computer are more likely to use a computer at a library or community center, a finding that likely points to the success of the Federal Communications Commission's E-Rate program, which supports Internet access in schools and libraries, in closing the so-called "homework gap" in students' access to the Internet outside the classroom.

鈥淢ost importantly, we believe that the challenges to connectivity that our study has showcased are solvable,鈥� the researchers write. 鈥淭he solution to this challenge will require innovative partnerships and new commitments aligning government, industry, education, and community leaders鈥攊ncluding families themselves.鈥�