海角大神

Many people trace the beginning of efforts to use data and statistics to prevent crime to the early 1990s, when the New York City police department began using maps and statistics to track where crime occurred most frequently. More recently, departments have begun releasing crime data to the public amid a growing national outcry about shootings and uses of force by police directed at primarily young black men.

But Nicole Wong, who served as the White House鈥檚 deputy chief technology officer until 2014, argues that the complex relationship between race, crime data, and policing instead dates back a century earlier 鈥� to the pioneering efforts of African American journalist and activist Ida B. Wells to discover the true causes of an epidemic of lynching sweeping the American South.

鈥淚 was doing some of my own research, trying to find women in data science, and I came across one of our earliest data scientists 鈥� Ida B. Wells,鈥� Ms. Wong said during a panel discussion focused on criminal justice and data analysis at Harvard University鈥檚 Kennedy School on Friday.

In 1889, Ms. Wells a series of reports in the Chicago Tribune on lynching, trying to distinguish patterns that linked the lynchings together.

After examining 10 years of data 鈥� Wells reached what was at the time a surprising conclusion 鈥� contrary to popular perceptions used to justify lynching 鈥� 50 percent of the black men and some women were lynched for crimes such as 鈥渉aving a bad reputation,鈥� or 鈥渨riting an insulting letter鈥� or for no cause at all, Wong told the panel.

Wells鈥� use of official data in her reporting helped dispel widespread myths that lynching occurred mainly as a punishment for rape and murder, she added.

鈥淔or me, that was a lesson in [the idea] that we certainly want to use data to improve our criminal justice system, but how we think about that data, and how we use that data is vitally important,鈥� said Wong, who previously worked as a lawyer at Twitter and Google before coming to the White House.

But more than a century after Wells鈥� expose on lynching, many police departments are only beginning to make crime data freely available to the public. Why now? It's a bid to improve long-fractured relationships with minority communities as the country engages in a national dialogue about race and policing, other panelists said.

鈥淭he lack of that data had a significant effect on how people viewed the law enforcement system in this country, how do you hold that system accountable if you don鈥檛 know what it鈥檚 doing?鈥� said Clarence Wardell, a Presidential Innovation Fellow and affiliate of Harvard鈥檚 Berkman Center for Internet and Society.

Earlier this year, he began working on the Police Data Initiative, a White House formed in May in the wake of the shooting of unarmed teen Michael Brown by a police officer in Ferguson, Mo. The program aims to provide data particularly on officer-involved shootings across the the country, as means to help build trust between the police and citizens increasingly alarmed by policing practices such as the controversial 鈥渟top and frisk鈥� policy used for many years by departments across the country.

鈥淔or a lot of departments, it鈥檚 not like they were actively against [releasing data], they just didn鈥檛 really know how to do it,鈥� Dr. Wardell added. 鈥淚t鈥檚 great to release reports, but let鈥檚 see what鈥檚 underneath, so [citizens] can decide for themselves.鈥�

The White House program has also benefited departments internally, he said, noting that many police departments have struggled to build 鈥渆arly warning systems鈥� to predict officers that might be involved in shootings or be likely to use excessive force.

But for police, how best to employ technologies like body cameras is still an ongoing debate, with some departments crediting it with dramatically decreasing the use their use of force, as others debate its ethics and how best to handle the reams of data the cameras produce.

鈥淚n policing, our own internal bureaucracy can be challenging,鈥� said Lt. Dan Wagner, lead crime analyst at the Cambridge Police Department, who is currently on a leave of absence to pursue a graduate degree at the Kennedy School. 鈥淐ops aren鈥檛 gonna want to wear body cameras if they know some supervisor鈥檚 going to jam them up by looking at the video and saying 鈥楬ey, you did some little thing wrong,鈥� and using it as a means to administer internal punishment."

But, he added, 鈥淚f it鈥檚 to scrutinize the use of force, I think that鈥檚 certainly appropriate.鈥�

Cambridge partnered with Massachusetts Institute of Technology researcher Cynthia Rudin, who was also part of Friday鈥檚 panel, to use machine learning technology to help identify and solve burglaries. In that city, the police are still considering whether to adopt body cameras, Wagner said.

The department has been cautious about other technologies that are touted as being able to 鈥減redict鈥� crimes, such as efforts to wholly 鈥渧acuum up鈥� residents鈥� social media information to determine whether a crime is likely to occur. After learning about one such effort in Florida 鈥� where the information was held indefinitely 鈥� Wagner said, he balked.

鈥淚 couldn鈥檛 fathom the people of Cambridge being okay with that,鈥� he said, drawing laughter from the crowd.

Professor Rudin, who teaches at MIT鈥檚 Sloan School of Management, said a key obstacle for predictive policing technology such as her 鈥淪eries Finder鈥� tool is to policing data. While she was able to partner with police in New York and made her code publicly available, the department didn鈥檛 want to give her access to their data. The department instead ran her software itself.

But Wong, the former chief technology officer, who is now affiliated with Harvard鈥檚 Berkman Center, said data should be used cautiously.

鈥淚 really do believe in the power of data, but I also believe it is never neutral,鈥� she said.

Several panelists touched on the role of the media to educate citizens by using policing data. But they said media coverage often focused on a single incident that 鈥渓ooks good on TV,鈥� as Wong described it.

鈥淲e might focus on one very profound incident that we all see, but we should also be aware of the 278 other shootings that happen,鈥� she said.

Wagner, the police officer, said the focus on specific shooting incidents sometimes obscured a larger conversation about the relationship between crime, race, and social class in America, which he said wasn鈥檛 always discussed.

鈥淭here are problems in policing, but I think that the problem is not the young black or brown man and the cop on the street, 鈥� he said. 鈥淚 think there are larger, more complicated, social, economic, cultural issues in our country that that is one symptom of, and it鈥檚 a serious symptom.鈥�