NASA鈥檚 spacesuits have a gender problem. These women are fixing it.
It was going to be a historic moment: Last spring, for the first time, an entirely female team of astronauts was to embark on a spacewalk.聽
But just days before Anne McClain and Christina Koch were to venture outside the International Space Station, NASA swapped Ms. McClain for a man. They鈥檇 realized there weren鈥檛 two spacesuits ready that would work for both women.聽
That reversal drew scorn. Instead of being a moment to celebrate the agency鈥檚 progress toward gender equality, it seemed to expose how much work remained in supporting female astronauts.聽
Why We Wrote This
Sometimes the noblest of goals can get held up for what seem like trivial reasons. Examining those reasons can often reveal a path to progress.
Barriers to equality can be baked into infrastructure, like spacesuits, for years. But what happened with the first attempt at an all-female spacewalk may also represent long-term progress toward including women at NASA 鈥� and in workplaces in general.
鈥淲omen鈥檚 history tends to proceed with these fits and starts,鈥� says Margaret Weitekamp, chair of the space history department at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum and author 鈥淩ight Stuff, Wrong Sex: America's First Women in Space Program.鈥�
The first all-female spacewalk attempt helped 鈥渢hrow into sharp relief long-standing circumstances that are about gradual change,鈥� Dr. Weitekamp says. It also 鈥渟hows, in some ways, the maturity of the program and the persistent presence of women in it.鈥澛�
A minor alteration
In the 1960s, NASA鈥檚 spacesuits were custom made for individual astronauts, who, at the time, were all men. In the 1970s, the agency鈥檚 priorities shifted and more astronauts flew, so NASA opted for spacewalking suits 鈥� officially called聽extravehicular mobility units, or EMUs聽鈥� that could be used by multiple astronauts to save money and time. These suits are modular, with separate pieces for arms, legs, and torsos. Women, the thinking went, could fit into the same sizes made for smaller men.
That plan might have worked acceptably, but later budget cuts led to NASA slashing some of the sizes, leaving only the mediums and larges. During the space shuttle era, astronauts who didn鈥檛 fit the available sizes could still participate in missions, but they couldn鈥檛 do a spacewalk, says former astronaut Bonnie Dunbar. But that changed with the International Space Station, as all astronauts are expected to perform spacewalks.
Before launching, Ms. McClain had trained for spacewalks underwater like every other astronaut, testing out different-sized suits. But once aboard the space station, she had the opportunity to do a spacewalk (with a male astronaut), and after experiencing true microgravity, she realized she needed a different torso size.聽
Sizing is very important, says Dr. Dunbar, who flew on the space shuttle five times and now is director of the Aerospace Human Systems Laboratory at Texas A&M University. 鈥淚f [the joints of the spacesuit] are not in the right place, you have to really work at it to make it bend,鈥� sometimes making it impossible to function in the suit at all.
A request to tweak a spacesuit once aboard the space station is 鈥渘ot uncommon,鈥� says Lindsay Aitchison, a NASA spacesuit engineer. But the first all-female spacewalk attempt was scheduled for a few days later, and reconfiguring the life-support system to a different torso piece would take too long. The crew decided together to change who did the spacewalk, Ms. Aitchison says.聽
鈥淚t is actually a sign of women鈥檚 secure and equal standing in the astronaut corps that Anne McClain was able to make the call that she did, even after all of the public pressure of the publicity,鈥� Dr. Weitekamp says. 鈥淔or her to be able to say 'the equipment doesn鈥檛 fit me and I won鈥檛 be able to perform well' means that she knew they wouldn鈥檛 just yank her from the rotation.鈥�
A universal suit
Recently, women have held some of the highest offices at NASA, and聽 are designing the next generation of spacewalking suits.聽
Last fall, NASA revealed new spacesuits designed for the Artemis program, in which the agency aims to land the first woman on the moon. Those new suits, called exploration extravehicular mobility units, or xEMUs for short, will still be modular, says Ms. Aitchison, who leads the design team. But the team uses digital renderings of about 100 body shapes and sizes as a guide.聽
鈥淲e鈥檙e designing spacesuits for humans, not men or women specifically, just humans. But over the years, we鈥檝e really had to evolve our thinking about what that means. It鈥檚 kind of a shift from thinking not just of men as bigger women or women as small men,鈥� Ms. Aitchison says. 鈥淥ur bodies are truly different.鈥�
Recent classes of astronauts have been roughly half women. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e the future of the space program,鈥� says Amy Foster, associate professor of history at the University of Central Florida and author of "Integrating Women Into the Astronaut Corps." So systems are being designed with them in mind.
One small step
But the aerospace industry more broadly hasn鈥檛 yet reached parity. And the fields (research, science and engineering, and the military) that people start in before becoming astronauts are still mostly male.聽
"The opportunities are there," Dr. Dunbar says, now it's just about recruiting and encouraging more young people 鈥� regardless of gender.
In October 2019, two women had come up for the spacewalking job once again, and astronauts Ms. Koch and Jessica Meir performed the first all-female spacewalk.聽
It鈥檚 something to celebrate, says Dr. Foster. 鈥淚t鈥檚 one of those hopeful things that I鈥檓 proud that I got to witness.鈥澛�
