海角大神

Here at the top of the world, the news that聽Arctic聽sea ice has reached a new low 鈥� the smallest footprint since satellites began measuring it three decades ago 鈥� is not much of a surprise.

The聽Arctic聽seas off the Alaska coast have been increasingly ice-free in recent years. On Monday, the gray, wind-driven surf churned vigorously along the northern coast, with no sign of ice anywhere under the low, fog-shrouded skies.

But it has been a strange summer here. Until a few weeks ago, there was more ice spread across the near-shore waters of the Beaufort and Chukchi seas than anyone can remember for the last several years 鈥� a curse for the engineers waiting to begin plumbing oil wells into the sea floor, but a blessing for Inupiat hunters, who have had an unusually easy time catching seals from ice floes close to home.

鈥淚t really seemed kind of like it was back in the days when the ice was like it used to be,鈥� said Nayuk Leavitt, a Barrow resident who works on one of Shell Alaska鈥檚 oil spill response crews.

But the late-lingering near-shore ice in Alaska, now in full retreat, was not representative of what is going on most everywhere else in a gradually melting聽Arctic, scientists say. The National Snow and Ice Data Center in Colorado announced that聽Arctic聽sea ice had shrunk to 1.58 million square miles, the lowest expanse recorded since satellites began taking measurements in 1979.

That breaks a record of 1.61 million square miles set in 2007, and the shrinkage appears to be continuing: Ice is expected to keep melting through September.

Scientists said previous warm years had started a pattern of a melting of the multiyear ice that historically has clung to the poles. The newly thinner ice that remained from last year melted even easier this year 鈥� although temperatures weren鈥檛 necessarily warmer. The phenomenon is probably feeding on itself, scientists say.

鈥淚n the context of what鈥檚 happened in the last several years and throughout the satellite record, it鈥檚 an indication that the聽Arctic聽sea ice cover is fundamentally changing,鈥� Walt Meier of the National Snow and Ice Data Center told reporters in a conference call.

Although the late-lingering ice was a factor in delaying the start of the first offshore drilling here in more than two decades, Shell officials say the ice now has retreated to more than 20 miles north of the company鈥檚 primary drilling target, on the Berger prospect in the Chukchi Sea 鈥� which itself is about 70 miles offshore.

The first of Shell鈥檚 drilling rigs, the Discoverer, is scheduled to arrive in the Chukchi Sea later this week. The other, the Kulluk, is halfway on its journey to the Beaufort Sea.

Permanent anchors have already been installed at both drilling locations to allow for the reduced target of drilling two complete wells this season, Shell spokesman Curtis Smith said in an interview here.

Shell has asked the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management to consider extending by 18 days the Sept. 24 deadline under which the company was supposed to have completed drilling in the Chukchi Sea, where the relatively remote location requires an early wind-up to ensure there is time to address any problems that occur before the onset of winter ice.

But Shell鈥檚 own ocean ice experts say their latest modeling makes them fairly confident that ice is not likely to close in around the Chukchi drilling site until mid-November.

The company has been spending $4.5 million a year on ice studies, assembling a team of scientists whose expertise rivals or exceeds that of the National Weather Service.

They have documented a pattern of ice movements over the last 10 years that show predictable open ocean conditions in the Chukchi Sea until November every year, Shell鈥檚 chief scientist, Michael Macrander, told the Los Angeles Times.

He said 2006 is the year that most resembles the patterns seen this year: a winter of cold temperatures and heavy ice, in which the sea ice extended far south into the Bering Strait, followed by a very late melt-off in the summer. That year, like this one, saw factors such as warm surface temperatures and favorable winds that drove the ice, once it was beginning to clear, relatively far out to sea, he said.

鈥淥nce it cleared, it cleared significantly, and stayed clear until early November,鈥� he said. 鈥淎nd the pattern we鈥檙e seeing now is very, very similar.鈥�